4/20/2014. Competition: 1. Hard to observe it happening (especially resource competition) Bio 147/247. Competition
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1 Competition: Bio 147/247 Competition 1. Hard to observe it happening (especially resource competition) 2. Interpret patterns (that may be outcomes of competition) compare distributions of species zonation compare abundances of species lower when cooccur than in isolation when sp A is abundant, sp B is less abundant and vice versa Distributions: intertidal zonation Barnacles Polychaete worms Distributions: intertidal zonation Timberline (valley bottom) Different tree spp. Distribution of Warblers: Q1: What is zonation due to??? a. Competition now? b. Competition in the past (the Ghost)? c. Adaptations (different resources, temperature, altitude) and nothing to do w/ competition? Q2: If competition, then what kind? 1
2 Patterns of abundance and distribution: barnacles vs. mussels and barnacle densities High densities of corals (relative to available space) Low plant density on ground of tropical rainforests Why? Competition from canopy trees?? Low light? Low nutrients Plant cover on lake surfaces Joe Connell Local distribution: regular spacing of plants in deserts (or other areas with low nutrients and/or low water) High density of plants in grasslands many more seedlings germinate than mature? Root competition belowground? for what 2
3 Interference from below: filaments (with stinging cells and digestive enzymes) Pattern: space around edges of individual coral colonies Aggressive behavior: soft corals: chemical interfere with growth of neighbors (Direct interaction = Interference Competition) Territorial behavior Pattern: Dense algae may smother corals (white corals = dead) Pattern: corals survive well if outside fish territories Mechanism(s)?: 1) Inside of fish territories no herbivorous fish algae outcompete corals (smother interference) 2) Outside fish territories herbivores remove algae so they don t overgrow corals What are the mechanisms? Interactions? This happens: Only in territory defended by fish 3
4 Pattern: timberline Conclusion: The world is often more complicated than either/or processes.. link different direct interactions Interaction chains Traitmediated interactions Q: why don t trees grow at higher elevations? Possible mechanisms?? Experiment above timberline: Transplant tree seedlings meadow ± meadow plants Pattern: Intertidal zonation What is being tested? Predictions? 1. If seedlings can t tolerate abiotic environment Die in both 2. If get better growth without other vegetation Competition restricts distribution (somehow!!) Possible mechanisms? Question for this experiment?: Can spp. survive outside their normal zone? How assess your Q? Move invertebrates/algae to different tidal heights. What should you measure? survival Pattern: Bare zone between shrub and grassland Bare zone Possible mechanisms? a. Resource competition: Shrubs remove more nutrients/water than grassland spp. b. Interference competition: Allelopathy chemicals from shrub inhibit grassland spp. c. Something else??? 4
5 a. Resource competition (soil nutrients) b. Interference competition: vague: of what? where? Q: Does low nutrient availability limit growth of grassland plants in the bare zone compared to the grassland?? Q: Do chemicals from the shrub reduce survival of grassland plants in the bare zone? How can you test this mechanism? How can you test this mechanism? Step A: ± nutrients ± nutrients Step B: plant seedlings in all plots (because maybe there are fewer seeds in bare zone to begin with) Experiment: hard to do if chemicals are in the soil in the bare zone. So: ± allelochemicals (or plant/soil extract, drip water from shrub leaves ) in the grassland Seedlings: Growth and survival Plant survival Any other possible explanations? c. Herbivores No No Q1: Do herbivores remove more seeds in the bare zone than in the grassland? or Q2: Do herbivores eat more plants in the bare zone compared to the grassland? How would you test this? Message: different mechanisms same patterns!! Beware glib/easy explanations ( justso stories ) Need to test alternative mechanisms Experiment: remove herbivores from parts of the bare zone and grassland. Q1: Seed germination (or # of seedlings) or add seeds (in pots so you can find them again!) Q2: Plant survival (either from seedlings that appear or that are planted) 5
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