Texas Tree School. Brad 10/28/2013 Hamel Regional Urban Forester
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1 Texas Tree School Brad 10/28/2013 Hamel Regional Urban Forester 1
2 Tree Biology Gain an understanding of basic tree biology Focus on the 3 main components of a tree Learn how biology relates to function Understanding trees will make you better arborists in the future 10/28/2013 2
3 What is a Tree? A tree may be defined as a woody plant reaching 20 feet or more at maturity, with a single trunk and a definite crown Harlow, Harrar, Hardin and White; Textbook of Dendrology 10/28/2013 3
4 The Leaves The Stem 10/28/2013 The Roots 4
5 Leaves Stems Roots Cones Flowers Fruit Six Organs of Plants Put these all together and you have a fully functioning (organism) or a tree. 10/28/2013 5
6 All Trees Fall into Two Categories Angiosperms (flowering plants) Contain petals, sepals, pistil, and stamen. *Not always on the same flower or plant. Gymnosperms (flowerless plants) Contain pollen-producing cones and seed-producing cones. *Not always on the same plant. 10/28/2013 6
7 Decurrent Tree Forms Excurrent 10/28/2013 7
8 5% Leaves 15% Limbs 60% Trunk 15% Woody Roots 5% Absorbing Roots 10/28/2013 8
9 Animal and Plant Cells 10/28/2013 9
10 Animals and Plants Similarities Animal Cell Plant Cell Cytoplasm: Present Present Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present Ribosomes: Present Present Mitochondria: Present Present Golgi Apparatus: Microtubules/ Microfilaments: Flagella: Present Present May be found in some cells Present Present May be found in some cells Differences Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell wall: Absent Present (formed of cellulose) Shape: Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape) Vacuole: One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells). One, large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume. Centrioles: Present in all animal Only present in lower cells Chloroplast: Animal cells don't have chloroplasts plant forms. Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food Plastids: Absent Present Plasma Membrane: only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane Nucleus: Present Present Lysosomes: Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm. Lysosomes usually not evident. 10/28/
11 Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Trees are photoautotrophs that fix their own energy from sunlight using photosynthesis. Autotrophs are the producers in ecosystems. Heterotrophs (like humans) depend upon energy from other organisms. There are consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), detritivores (worms), and decomposers (fungi). 10/28/
12 Energy and Gas Exchange 10/28/
13 The Leaf Top Side Bottom Side 10/28/
14 Leaf Structure 10/28/
15 Leaf Anatomy Sun Leaf vs. Shade Leaf 10/28/
16 Leaf Anatomy 10/28/
17 Photosynthesis Overall, water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight produce glucose and oxygen. 6 CO H 2 O + energy = C 6 H CO 2 Sunlight and water create short-term plant energy (ATP and NADH). This ATP and NADH energy creates glucose from CO2 and RuBP. 10/28/
18 Types of Photosynthesis C3, C4, CAM. All three use the Calvin cycle as the final stage of photosynthesis. Plants with the added steps of C4 and CAM grow slower, but conserve water better than C3 alone C3 plants include most trees and shrubs. 10/28/
19 Respiration Sugar and oxygen produce carbon dioxide, water, and plant energy. C 6 H CO 2 = 6 CO H 2 O + energy Oxygen s main job is to bind with extra Hydrogen and let the system cycle. 10/28/
20 Carbon cycling 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light = C6H O2 C6H O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP During good growing days, photosynthesis out performs respiration by 40 to 70%. This allows extra sugars to be converted into the growth of wood (fixed carbon). Thus, more O2 than CO2 is released into the atmosphere. However, respiration occurs year round on all perennial plants. Any time a plant is not actively growing, it releases as much or more CO2 as O2. 10/28/
21 Gas Exchange Stomata Lenticels Collenchyma cells Root Absorption 10/28/
22 Photosynthesis Video 10/28/
23 Types of Leaves Deciduous: leaves are shed usually annually (in the fall). Evergreen: leaves are persistent, stay on longer than one year. 10/28/
24 Leaf Fall Abscission zone area at the base of the petiole that breaks down and causes leaf (or fruit) drop 10/28/
25 Leaf Fall Declining intensity of sunlight triggers the processes leading up to leaf fall in autumn. Clogged phloem veins trap sugars in the leaf and promote production of anthocyanins Chlorophyll reduces, unmasking carotenoids. 10/28/
26 Stems: The Arms of the Tree Abscission zone, base of the leaf stalk Petiole leaf stalk 10/28/
27 Leaf Scar Leaf scar: zone of abscission. Bundle scars (dots) within the leaf scar. 10/28/
28 Stem terms Function: to provide support for leaves, buds and fruit. Bud : protuberance on the stem that may develop into a flower or shoot. Apical: terminal or end bud (dominant) Lateral: aka auxiliary, occur along the stem. Adventitious: undifferentiated cells under the bark which develop into a bud. (Usually due to loss of normal bud) (root sucker) Dormant: suppressed buds laying in wait beneath the bark Epicormic shoot: Shoot produced by dormant or adventitious buds. (Usually in response to stress). 10/28/
29 Pruning or Topping? 10/28/
30 Stem terms Node: Enlarged portion of the stem where buds and leaves arise. Internode: Area between the nodes. Bud scale scars: point below a bud where bud scales were attached. (Good for identifying growth rate) Lenticels: small opening along the stem that permit gas exchange. ( little specs) 10/28/
31 10/28/ Learn what is normal and what is not.
32 Twigs (small stems) 10/28/
33 Branch ( larger stem): Function to support twigs and transport. A strong branch union is formed by overlapping layers of branch tissue and stem tissue. 10/28/ Branch bark ridge
34 From Leaves and Stems to Roots Now that we have explored how leaves work, we are going to examine the foundation and root system. 10/28/
35 Root Structure 10/28/
36 Root Structure Lateral roots (many) Absorbing roots (many) Mycorrhizae: beneficial fungi. Symbiotic relation with absorbing roots. Facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients. Tap root (rare) Sinker roots (few) 10/28/
37 Root Structure 10/28/
38 Root System 10/28/
39 Root Growth Concrete sidewalk Roots are opportunistic,they grow where conditions are best. Root crown Moist loose friable soil. O2 O2 O2 O2 Compacted soil, few macro pores Dry soil, little oxygen 10/28/
40 Zone of rapid taper 10/28/
41 Root Development The most important part of the root does not have a woody covering yet. Single-cell root hairs provide most of the tree s water and nutrient uptake from the soil. 10/28/
42 Root Development 10/28/
43 Root Function 1. Support and Anchor the Tree 2. Absorption and Conduction of Water and Nutrients 3. Storage of Food and Nutrients 10/28/
44 It all starts with SOIL As we know, 99% of a tree s root mass is in the top 3 feet of soil. This is where the tree absorbs water stored in soil from rainfall and the intake of vital nutrients (N-P-K). 10/28/
45 Soil Types and Horizons 10/28/
46 Soil Nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Boron, Molybdenum, and Chlorine are all considered essential to plant growth. 10/28/
47 Water and Nutrient Uptake 10/28/
48 Roots Video 10/28/
49 Xylem and Phloem: Tree Transportation Highways 10/28/
50 The Main Stem (Bole or Trunk) The trunk and branches of a tree provide the tree s framework. They conduct water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. They also store energy in the form of sugars and starches. 10/28/
51 What makes a plant a tree? Like other plants: Trees are autotrophs - meaning they produce their own food. Tree cells have rigid cell walls, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts. The difference is Secondary Growth! 10/28/
52 Secondary Growth means Wood! Trees and shrubs grow radially as well as vertically. Expanded concept of a tree (The difference between trees and shrubs is size.) 10/28/
53 Grow Upward and Outward 10/28/
54 Trees Grow in Layers
55 Grow Rings. On ring porous trees they are easiest to count. Either count all the light colored rings or all the dark colored rings to determine the age. Seasonal production of xylem by the cambium.
56 Ring Porous (oak, ash, elm) Diffuse Porous (maple, sycamore, poplar)
57 Growth & Development A tree can only get as large as it is genetically capable. Limiting factor(s): Environmental surrounding conditions. Respond to environmental stimulus. (light, temperature, water, gravity) 10/28/
58 Tropisms Tropisms are Orientation or Direction of growth in response to Geotropism Gravity Stems grow up against gravity Roots grow down with gravity Phototropism Light Growing in the direction of light Thigmotropism Touch or Contact Roots growing around a rock in the soil 10/28/
59 Main Stem Anatomy Vascular Cambium: Area of cell division that is responsible for secondary growth. Creates and separates the xylem and phloem. Xylem: Grows to the inside of the vascular cambium to transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves. Prominent cells are vessels, tracheids, fibers (Angiosperm) or tracheids (Gymnosperm). Phloem: Thin layer growing on the outside of vascular cambium to transport nutrients down from leaves. Prominent cells include sieve tubes and companion cells. Cork Cambium: Area of cell division that forms bark and lenticels to the outside. Designed to protect inner cells and allow gas exchange. 10/28/
60 Xylem (wood) Water conducting ( trees are different) Conifers : 2 12 years of active sapwood Elm : 1-2 years of active sapwood Important: When treating trees with systemic pesticides. 10/28/
61 Phloem Composed primarily of living cells(symplasm) Sieve Cells: in Gymnosperms (conifers) Sieve tube elements & companion cells: in Angiosperms (hardwoods) Old phloem, gets crushed and absorbed back into system or into bark layers Carbohydrates move slowly Usually stay near area of production and used locally Requires energy to transport along pressure gradients, actively pumped to different parts. Source to Sink ( leaf to plant part) Sink uses more energy than it produces. Photosynthates can move either up or down. 10/28/
62 Xylem and Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Cambium Vascular cambium 10/28/
63 Movement of water, elements and food is in all directions. Xylem and Phloem move resources up and down along the tangential plane. Longitudinal or Axial transport Movement horizontal between cells of all ages is called. Radial transport
64 Cross Section of Woody Stem 10/28/
65 Water Transportation Video 10/28/
66 Compartmentalization Vascular plants differ from us greatly when faced with wounding or infectious diseases. Unlike us, they lack IMMUNE systems. Instead, they have developed a process to cope known as: Compartmentalization 10/28/
67 CODIT Compartmentalization of Decay In Trees The 4 Walls 1. Tyloses 2. Axial parenchyma and annual growth components 3. Ray cells 4. Wound response of cambium 10/28/
68 CODIT: Trees don t Heal, they SEAL A wounded tree will NOT be capable of healing a wound by regenerating destroyed tissue. Instead, the wound is walled off from the rest of the vascular system by the formation of TYLOSES thus, not allowing decay to spread into the rest of the system. There are four walls or boundaries It s like a submarine or spaceship sealing off decks to save the rest of the ship (tree). 10/28/
69 CODIT Wall 1: Stops VERTICAL Spread by plugging vessel & tracheid cells in the xylem (weakest boundary). Wall 2: Stops INWARD spread toward the pith. Wall 3: Stops LATERAL movement by plugging cells that are primarily for food storage (strong boundary). Wall 4: Separates NEW wood from that which was present from the time of the damage (the strongest boundary). 10/28/
70 Natural Branch Abscission Compartmentalization also occurs at branch collar and leaf collars. This CODIT prevents injury to the tree when it is time for a branch to go. 10/28/
71 CODIT in Action Let s examine the CODIT process in several stage over time 10/28/
72 What does it all mean? Trees can live longer than other plants. They can get bigger than other plants. They can respond to damage, disease, insects, and environmental conditions successfully. Trees are a long term investment. 10/28/
73 Tree System Review The Leaves process water and carbon dioxide (Photosynthesis) to form complex sugars (fuel), which are sent back down (Phloem) the tree for storage and use. The Stem transports water and solutes (Diffusion & Osmosis), to the crown via the Xylem. The Roots absorb water and nutrients with help from Root Hairs. 10/28/
74 The End 10/28/
75 For More Information Texas Forest Service Brad Hamel (512) Texas Forest Service Website: 10/28/
76 Definition of Cellular Terms Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell contained within the cell membrane but excluding the nucleus: contains organelles, vesicles, and other inclusions. Endoplasmic Reticulum: an extensive intracellular membrane system whose functions include synthesis and transport of lipids and, in regions where ribosomes are attached, of proteins. Ribosomes: any of numerous minute particles in the cytoplasm of cells, either free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, that contain RNA and protein and are the site of protein synthesis. Mitochondria: Also called chondriosome, a small spherical or rod like body, bounded by a double membrane, in the cytoplasm of most cells: contains enzymes responsible for energy production. Golgi Apparatus: a membranous complex of vesicles, vacuoles, and flattened sacs in the cytoplasm of most cells: involved in intracellular secretion and transport. Microtubules/ Microfilaments: a hollow cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm of most cells, involved in intracellular shape and transport. Flagella: a long, lashlike appendage serving as an organ of locomotion in protozoa, sperm cells, etc. Nucleus: a specialized, usually spherical mass of protoplasm encased in a double membrane, and found in most living eukaryotic cells, directing their growth, metabolism, and reproduction, and functioning in the transmission of genic characters. Cell wall: the outer layer of a cell, especially the structure in plant cells that consists of cellulose, lignin, etc., and gives mechanical support to the cell. Vacuole: a fluid-filled cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell. Centrioles: either of two rodlike bodies in most animal cells that form the poles of the spindle during mitosis. Chloroplast: a plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments, occurring in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis. Plastids: a small, double-membraned organelle of plant cells and certain protists, occurring in several varieties, as the chloroplast, and containing ribosomes, prokaryotic DNA, and, often, pigment. Plasma Membrane: a very thin membrane composed of lipids and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Lysosomes: a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death. 10/28/
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