WELCOME TO AP BIOLOGY !

Transcription

1 AP BIOLOGY Mrs. Henry Room 312 AP BIOLOGY SUMMER WORK WELCOME TO AP BIOLOGY ! The two main goals of AP Biology are to help you develop a conceptual framework for modern biology and to gain a deeper appreciation of science as a process (as opposed to an accumulation of facts). Because of the rapid pace of learning in the life sciences our primary emphasis is on developing an understanding of unifying concepts that connect the major topics of biology. The AP Biology Curriculum centers around the four Big Ideas and you will need to not only know these but also understand how they all relate to every aspect of biology: - Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. - Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. - Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. - Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. What to do before the first day of school: AP Biology was designed by a select group of college professors and high school science teachers to be equivalent to an introductory college biology course. Visit the College Board site (below) to explore what an AP Biology course is like: Finish the assignments listed below. The first assignment listed should be typed and printed out. The other assignments can be completed in way that is easiest for you. ALL WORK DUE ON THE FIRST DAY OF CLASS. Expect a test on Ecology within the first few days. AP Biology Summer Assignment 2016 Mandatory Assignment #1 ECOLOGY **** MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL THE ASSIGNMENTS The assignment below is DUE ON THE FIRST DAY OF CLASS. Please type your answers out and have a hard copy ready on the first day. EXPECT A TEST WITHIN THREE DAYS OF RETURN Please read the attached material AP BIOLOGY (PDF) and then answer the following questions: After reading the assigned reading, you should be able to do the following: Ch Define behavior. 2. Define a fixed action pattern and give an example. 3. Distinguish between kin selection and reciprocal altruism. 4. Define altruistic behavior, providing examples UNIT 8: Ecology 1. Define ecology. 2. Define each layer in a stratified aquatic biome: photic zone, aphotic zone, benthic zone, abyssal zone. 3. Define the following characteristics of lakes: thermal stratification, thermocline, seasonal turnover. 4. Explain why the following statement is false: All communities on Earth are based on primary producers that capture light energy by photosynthesis. 5. Know the characteristics of the major aquatic biomes: lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers, estuaries, intertidal biomes, oceanic pelagic biomes, coral reefs, and marine benthic biomes. 6. Know the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, desert, savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, and tundra.

2 Ch Explain the meaning of each of the following terms in the logistic model of population growth: a. rmax b. K N c. (K-N)/K 2. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected population 3. Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may affect population growth. 4. Explain, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may work together to control a population s Growth. Ch State the competitive exclusion principle. 2. Define an ecological niche and restate the competitive exclusion principle using the niche concept. 3. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche. 4. Give specific examples of adaptations of predators and prey. 5. Explain how cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration may aid an animal in avoiding predators. 6. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry. 7. Summarize two hypotheses that explain why food chains are relatively short. Explain the experimental evidence that supports the energetic hypothesis. 8. Explain how dominant and keystone species exert strong control on community structure. Describe an example of each 9. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession Ch 55, Describe the fundamental relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem. 2. Explain how the first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to ecosystems. 3. Explain how decomposition connects all trophic levels in an ecosystem. 4. Explain why the amount of energy used in photosynthesis is so much less than the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth. 5. Define and compare gross primary production and net primary production. 6. Explain why nutrients are said to cycle rather than flow within ecosystems. 7. Name the main processes driving the water cycle. 8. Name the major reservoirs of carbon. 9. Describe the nitrogen cycle and explain the importance of nitrogen fixation to all living organisms. Name three other key bacterial processes in the nitrogen cycle. 10. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling. 11. Describe the causes and consequences of acid precipitation. 12. Explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores. 13. Describe how increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are changing Earth s heat. AP Biology Summer Assignment 2016 Mandatory Assignment #2 Biology Prefixes and Suffixes Because vocabulary in this course can be a stumbling block, you need to take some time to review the scientific Latin/Greek roots that form many of our scientific terms. Print and complete the Biology Prefixes and Suffixes. Some of these should have been learned in your Biology class so hopefully most of them will just be review. It will make life in AP Biology much easier if you KNOW these prefixes and suffixes. The Prefixes and Suffixes can be found below. Due on day 1. AP Biology Summer Assignment 2016 Mandatory Assignment #3 Review Complete the review packet attached and have it ready to turn in on DAY ONE of the year.. The new AP biology curriculum stresses the importance of being able to analyze and graph data. Graphing exercises are located at the end of this packet.

3 AP Biology Summer Assignment 2016 Optional Assignment #4Summer Scavenger Hunt Complete the task listed, and provide the appropriate documentation (indicated in parentheses). For every five that you complete and document successfully, you will earn five bonus points on your first course exam. 1. See a movie in a theater. (ticket stub needed) 2. Feed three different species of birds. (photos needed) 3. Grow a plant. (living plant brought to class on day 1) 4. Go to two state parks and take a walk. (photos AND maps needed) 5. Visit a Zoo. (photo AND ticket stub needed) 6. Visit an Observatory. (photo AND ticket stub needed) 7. Go to a water-based amusement park. (photo AND ticket stub needed) 8. Go to the Ocean. Collect sand in a jar. (jar of sand AND photo needed) 9. Sleep outside,underneath the stars. (photo needed) 10. Find an animal in the wild (no dangerous ones!). (photo of animal AND photo of you standing where the animal was) 11. Read more than one book. (list, photos, AND 3 sentence summaries needed) 12. Play a board game (photo needed) 13. Set up a geocaching tournament for you and your friends. (photo and map) 14. Identify three species of trees in your neighborhood. (leaves & genus/species of each needed). 15. Hold five earthworms OR two slugs. (photo needed)

4 Name Date Biology Prefixes and Suffixes-The Language of Science The main reason students find it difficult to understand science is because of all the hard to write, spell and read words. Actually, scientific vocabulary is a mix of small words that are linked together to have different meanings. If you learn the meanings of the little words, you'll find scientific vocabulary much easier to understand. Find the mean to the following Greek/Latin root words. Word Meaning Word Meaning a / an hemo meso hyper leuco hypo aero intra anti -itis amphi lateral aqua / hydro -logy arthro -lysis auto -meter bi / di mono bio morph cephal micro chloro macro chromo multi / poly cide pod cyto -phobia derm -philia haplo proto ecto (exo) photo endo psuedo epi synthesis gastro sub genesis troph herba therm hetero tri homo zoo, zoa ov -tropism kary -taxis neuro -stasis

5 soma saccharo primi / archea phyll zyg / zygous phago path / pathy sym / syn Once you have completed the table on the previous page, use it to develop a definition, in your own words, for each of the following terms. 1. Hydrology 2. Cytolysis 3. Protozoa 4. Epidermis 5. Spermatogenesis 6. exoskeleton 7. Abiotic 8. Pathogen 9. psuedopod 10. Hemophilia 11. Endocystosis 12. herbicide 13. Anaerobic 14. Bilateral 15. autotroph 16. Monosaccharide 17. Arthropod 18. polymorphic 19. Hypothermia 20. Biogenesis

6 Science Skills Review Packet This is a review of basic science skills, including graphing, chemistry and biology we will not spend mush class time on all these concepts, as they should have been learned already. Please make sure that you know them and if not, be sure to study through them. Please hand write in pencil or pen. Chemistry Review: 1. Contrast the term element with compound. 2. Know the symbols of the following elements and their charge: a. Carbon: b.hydrogen: c. Oxygen: d.nitrogen: e. Phosphorus: f. Sulfur: 3. Label the diagram below and define the terms that you label. 4. Contrast the terms atomic mass and atomic number. 5. What determines interactions between atoms? Why are valence electrons important? 6. Define the following terms: a. Chemical bond b.covalent bond c. Nonpolar covalent bond d.polar covalent bond 7. Know both the molecular formula for the following compounds. a. Oxygen gas b. Carbon dioxide c. Glucose

7 d. Nitrogen gas e. Ammonia f. Water 8. How do ionic bonds compare with covalent bonds? 9. What are hydrogen bonds 10. Define the following terms: a. Solute b. Solvent c. Aqueous solution d. Hydrophilic e. Hydrophobic f. Molarity 11. What defines an acid and a base? 12. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life? Biology Review: 13. Define the following: a. Biology: b. Hypothesis: c. Observation: d. Homeostasis: 14. What are the main characteristics of life (minimum of 5)? 15. Scientists are testing a new pain reducing drug in a trial with 50 patients. Group A gets the drug while group B gets a placebo pill. Level of pain is being recorded for each patient. a. What is the control group: b. Experimental group:

8 c. Independent variable: d. Dependent variable: 16. Using the picture to the right: a. Explain equilibrium: b. Label the most concentrated side of the membrane in the first picture. 17. Complete the diagram comparing DNA and RNA: 18. Label each number on the following pictures: A. B. C. D. E. AB. AC. AD. AE. BC. 19. The tall allele, T, is dominant to the short allele, t, in Mendel s pea plants. You examine a pea plant that has a phenotype of short. What is its genotype? 20. If two plants with the genes Tt and Tt breed, what are the possible genes of their children? (Hint: create a punnett square)

9 Graphing Practice Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. Line graphs must be constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected. Many times the wrong construction of a graph detracts from the acceptance of an individual s hypothesis A graph contains five major parts: a. Title b. The independent variable c. The dependent variable d. The scales for each variable e. A legend The TITLE: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an idea about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph. The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours, etc.), depth (feet, meters), and temperature (Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis). The DEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens because of the independent variable. Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water. This variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis. The SCALES for each Variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values. The LEGEND: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph's data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph. The MEAN for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide the sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average. The MEDIAN for a group of variables: To determine median or middle for an even number of values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values. e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5 The MODE for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that occurs most frequently. e.g. 2, 5, 8, 2, 6, 11 The number 2 is the mode because it occurred most often (twice) Rules and Tips for Graphing: 1. Always use a pencil to draw your graph. It s easier to fix mistakes (Or use Excel!). 2. Always draw lines with a ruler. Do not freehand. Use at least half of your paper for the graph. 3. Make sure Independent Variable is on the X-axis and Dependent Variable is on the Yaxis. 4. Include all parts: Title, Axis Labels WITH Units, Legend 5. If you are graphing multiple subjects, use different colored or patterned lines and explain what they are in the legend. 6. Choose an appropriate graph to explain your data. Examples: a. LINE: Measuring a change in something over time b. BAR: Comparing individuals to each other with only one data point. c. PIE: Show percentages that add up to 100%. PROCEDURE 1: Using the following data, answer the questions below and then construct a line graph. Depth in meters Number of Bubbles / minute Plant A Number of Bubbles / minute Plant B

10 1. What is the dependent variable and why? 2. What is the independent variable and why? 4. What are the mean, median, and mode of all 3 columns of data? a). Depth : Mean Median Mode Title: b). Bubble Plant A.: c). Bubbles Plant B: Mean Median Mode Mean Median Mode LEGEND: 5. Come up with an explanation for the data in this graph, including the varying rates in plant A and B.

11 PROCEDURE 2: Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death. Answer the following questions concerning the data below and then graph it. Time After Eating hours Glucose ml / Liter of Blood Person A Glucose ml / Liter of Blood Person B What is the dependent variable and why? 2. What is the independent variable and why? 4. Which, if any, of the above individuals (A or B) has diabetes? 5. What data do you have to support your hypothesis? 6. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would the expected blood glucose level for Person B? Title: LEGEND: 7. What conclusions can be determined from the data in graph 2?

12 PROCEDURE 3: The chart to the right is the raw data of the ml of water expelled by the contractile vacuole of a bacteria in different types of solutions. This data was then summarized using averages in the table below. Solution Baseline Saline Deionized Average (in ml) Standard deviation (error) Construct a bar graph of the amount of water expelled for each solution type. 2. Each group has an error value or standard deviation. Show this on your graph using lines above and below each bar. Use the example to the right of Experiment 1 as a guide. LEGEND: 1. Why are averages used to construct graphs? 2. What does standard deviation mean?

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139