SNC 2D1: Biology Workbook

Transcription

1 SNC 2D1: Biology Workbook Name: Page 1

2 Table of Contents Introduction Learning Goals Vocabulary Checklist Assessment Check List Big Idea Biology Project Module 1 Review of Microscope and Cell Theory Module 2 Mitosis and Cellular Specialization Module 3 Organ Systems Review Page 2

3 Grade 10 Academic Science (SNC 2D1) Introduction to Biology Welcome to Biology! As we move forward through the biology unit, we will review basic cell theory and how to use the microscope. In addition, we will examine how cells reproduce, what cellular specialization is and how different organ systems interact to keep an organism alive. You will have the opportunity to examine various diseases, how medical technology has impacted society and some ethical issues related to biological study and research. Ensure that you take the time to learn the material, do the practice work, ask for help sooner rather than later and use the assessment checklist to ensure that all assessments of your learning are completed and submitted. Good Luck! Page 3

4 Grade 10 Academic Chemistry Student Learning Goals/Checklist By the end of this strand, I will: use appropriate terminology related to cells (see vocabulary checklist). examine cells under a microscope or similar instrument and identify the various stages of mitosis in plants and animals examine different plant and animal cells (e.g., cheek cells, onion cells) under a microscope or similar instrument, and draw labelled biological diagrams to show how the cells organelles differ investigate, using a microscope or similar instrument, specialized cells in the human body or in plants, focusing on different types of cells (e.g., bone, muscle, leaf, root cells), and draw labelled biological diagrams to show the cells structural differences describe the cell cycle in plants and animals, and explain the importance of mitosis for the growth of cells and repair of tissues explain the importance of cell division and cell specialization in generating new tissues and organs (e.g., the division of stem cells into specialized cells such as muscle cells or nerve cells in humans; the division of meristematic cells to expand and differentiate plant tissue) investigate the rate of cell division in cancerous and non-cancerous cells, using pictures, videos, or images, and predict the impact of this rate of cell division on an organism explain the links between specialized cells, tissues, organs, and systems in plants and animals (e.g., muscle cells and nerve cells form the tissue found in the heart, which is a component of the circulatory system; granum and thylakoid structures act as solar collectors in the chloroplast to produce carbohydrates for plant growth) explain the primary functions of a variety of systems in animals (e.g., the circulatory system transports materials through the organism; the respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body) explain the interaction of different systems within an organism (e.g., the respiratory system brings oxygen into the body, and the circulatory system transports the oxygen to cells) and why such interactions are necessary for the organism s survival use a research process to investigate a disease or abnormality related to tissues, organs, or systems of humans or plants (e.g., heart disease, tobacco mosaic virus, wheat rust) investigate, through a laboratory or computer simulated dissection of a plant, worm, fish, or frog, the interrelationships between organ systems of a plant or an animal (e.g., between the root system and leaf system in a plant; between the digestive system and circulatory system in an animal) Page 4

5 Grade 10 Academic Chemistry Vocabulary Checklist By the end of this strand, these words/phrases should be familiar to you. Review your notes or stamfordscience.org for definitions. anaphase cancer cell cell cell cycle cell membrane cell specialization cell wall centriole chloroplast chromosome concentration cytokinesis cytoplasm differentiation diffusion endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus interphase lysosomes meristematic cells meristematic tissue mesophyll metaphase mitochondria mitosis nucleus organelle phloem prophase red blood cells regeneration ribosomes sister chromatids stem cell stomate telophase tissue vacuoles absorption capillaries circulatory system digestive system excretory system esophagus heart homeostasis integumentary system interdependent intestines lung organ organ system respiratory system skin stomach transpiration cloning DNA screening gene gene therapy immunization medical imaging public health strategies transgenic organism Page 5

6 Assessment Checklist Throughout this course, we will use various assessment methods to provide formative assessment. That is, assessment FOR and AS learning. These are used to provide feedback and self reflection to improve your learning and understanding. However, some items are used as an assessment OF your learning. These are listed in the chart below. You should keep track of these items and ensure that all of them are completed and submitted on time according to the class expectations (see first day handout). Item Keep in Workbook or Hand-in Page 6 Total Marks Due Date Your Mark

7 SNC 2D1 Big Idea Biology Project The format for this report can be: a website or a cartoon interview with a scientist a presi.com presentation a power-point presentation a double spaced typed written report (2-3 pages) a bristol-board presentation You may NOT use the bristol-board, written report, xtranormal video or power-point presentation if you have already used it for one of the other big idea projects in this course. You may, however, use the prezi.com or website option again if you used it before. You are to choose ONE (1) of the following topics: Describe 3 different medical imaging technologies (e.g., ultrasound, X-rays, computerized axial tomography [CT or CAT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], microscopy, biophotonics) used in Canada in diagnosing or treating abnormalities in tissues, organs, and/or systems and assess their importance to human health and/or society OR Describe 3 public health strategies related to systems biology (e.g., cancer screening and prevention programs; mass vaccination ie. against the human papillomavirus [HPV] and measles, mumps, and rubella [MMR], meningitis, polio, etc; AIDS education; West Nile education), and assess their impact on society A list of cited resources must also be included!! Page 7

8 SNC 2D1 Gr. 10 Academic Science Biology Module 1 Review of Microscope and Cell Theory Introduction to Plant and Animal Cells Function of Organelles Microscope Use and Investigation Page 8

9 CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS, & ANIMAL vs. PLANT CELLS What are we made of / where do we come from? How do we grow and/or repair? Cell Theory: 1) 2) 3) & cells are made up of a distinct and membrane-bound parts ( ). In addition, they possess organized which store genetic material ( ). Complete the following: 1) Label & colour the diagrams of the Animal and Plant cells 2) Fill-in the chart on cell parts (organelles) 3) Complete the Venn diagram comparing Animal & Plant cells Page 9

10 ANIMAL CELL: Directions: Colour in each square with the colour of your choice, then colour the cell part to match. Label the diagram with the words using the arrows that point to the structures. Cell Membrane Ribosome Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Mitochondrion Chromosome Lysosome Nucleolus Centriole Golgi Apparatus Nucleolus Page 10

11 PLANT CELL: Directions: Colour in each square with the colour of your choice, then colour the cell part to match. Label the diagram with the words using the arrows that point to the structures. Cell Membrane Ribosome Cell Wall Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Nucleus Chloroplast Nucleolus Vacuole Chromosome Page 11

12 For the following table, state the function of each cell organelle. Try to come up with a job, person, department or physical part of the school that performs a similar task ORGANELLE FUNCTION Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleolus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Mitochondrion Centriole Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Cell Wall Chloroplast Page 12 RELATE TO SCHOOL (ANALOGY)

13 Directions: Use the VENN diagram to compare PLANT and ANIMAL cells by filling it with the parts (organelles) you labelled on the previous diagrams. Plant Animal Page 13

14 The Compound Microscope Use the wordlist below to label the various parts of the microscope. Also, complete the function chart, image diagrams and concept questions. base rotating nosepiece high power lens eyepiece/ocular coarse adjustment knob medium power lens stage fine adjustment knob light source stage clips tube arm diaphragm low power lens Page 14

15 Component Function base eyepiece/ocular stage stage clips diaphragm rotating nosepiece coarse adjustment knob fine adjustment knob tube low power lens high power lens medium power lens light source arm Page 15

16 Image Diagrams Using both the pre-made slides and the slides you created, draw an illustration of the images you saw. Be sure to name the sample and state the magnification. For both the onion and cheek cells, ensure that you prepare the slides according to the directions from the teacher. Sample Magnification Image Onion Cheek Page 16

17 Concept Questions 1. Why is it called a compound microscope? 2. How should you carry the microscope? 3. How do you focus on an image? 4. What do you believe are the limitations of the compound microscope? 5. There is another type of microscope called the electron microscope. Do a quick research activity to find out: a) how is it different than the compound or regular microscope b) advantages / disadvantages compared to the compound microscope 6. How do you think the thickness of the cell walls of a cactus plant would compare to those of an onion cell? Evaluate why you think this might be the case. 7. Consider the role of the mitochondria. If you were given muscles cells of an elderly person compared to those of a decathalete, what would you expect to find in terms of the mitochondria? Why? 8. Human cells preform the process of cellular respiration. Write the chemical formula for cellular respiration. Page 17

18 SNC 2D1 Gr. 10 Academic Science Biology Module 2 Mitosis and Cellular Specialization Cell Cycle and Stages Cell Specialization Page 18

19 Student Exploration: Cell Division Vocabulary: cell division, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, chromosome, cytokinesis, DNA, interphase, mitosis Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Cells reproduce by splitting in half, a process called cell division. What do cells need to do between divisions to make sure that they don t just get smaller and smaller? 2. The genetic information of a cell is carried in its DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid). What do cells need to do between divisions to make sure that a full set of DNA gets passed on to each daughter cell? Gizmo Warm-up On the SIMULATION pane of the Cell Division Gizmo, check that the Cycle Length is set to 12 hours. Click Play ( ), observe until the maximum number of cells is shown, and then click Pause ( ). 1. Look at the cells. Do they all look the same? 2. Cells that are in the process of dividing are said to be in mitosis or cytokinesis. Cells that are not dividing are in interphase. Check the Magnify box and move the cursor over the cells. A. Of the 100 cells shown, how many are in the process of dividing? B. Select the BAR CHART tab, and turn on Show numerical values. How many cells are in the interphase stage of their life cycle? C. Based on these two observations, would you say that a cell spends most of its life cycle in interphase or in mitosis/cytokinesis? Page 19

20 Activity A: Phases of the cell cycle Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset ( ). Select the DESCRIPTION tab. Click on the right arrow once so that Interphase is shown. Question: What are the stages of the cell cycle? 1. Observe: Click Play and hold the cursor over the cell. Observe the cell as it divides several times. (This happens quickly!) What do you notice happening during this process? 2. Summarize: On the DESCRIPTION pane, read about each phase in the cell cycle. In the spaces below, sketch the cell in each phase and summarize what occurs in your own words. Phase Sketch Summary Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Page 20

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22 3. Analyze: Use your summaries and the Gizmo to answer the following questions: A. What are the four phases of mitosis?,,, B. During which phase is the DNA duplicated? C. What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes? D. In which phase are chromatids pulled apart? E. What is the role of the centrioles? F. In which phase does a new nuclear membrane develop? G. A cell has a single line of chromosomes. What is the phase? H. During which three phases are individual chromosomes no longer visible?,, 4. Think and discuss: Why is it important that the cell s DNA is duplicated before cell division? 5. Challenge: Human cells have 46 chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of a pair of identical chromatids attached together by a structure called a centromere. At the end of cytokinesis, how many chromatids will be found in each daughter cell? Explain. Page 22

23 Get the Gizmo ready: Activity B: Duration of phases Click Reset. Select the TABLE tab. Question: What is the relative duration of each phase of the cell cycle? 1. Collect data: Set the Cycle Length to 10 hours and click Play. Click Pause when the maximum number of cells has been reached. On the TABLE tab, click Record data. Record the number of cells in each phase of the cell cycle in the table below. Then click Play, wait for a while, and click Record data again. Repeat this process until you have recorded four sets of results, and then find the average number of cells in each phase. Trial Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Avg. 2. Analyze: Which phase of the cell cycle is longest? Shortest? Explain your answers: 3. Calculate: You can use your data to estimate the duration of each phase of the cell cycle. For example, if 8% of the cells were in prophase and the cell cycle was 10 hours long, then prophase would last 8% of 10 hours, or 0.8 hours (48 minutes). Use percentages to estimate the duration of each phase of the cell cycle. Show your work. Interphase: Prophase: Metaphase: Anaphase: Telophase: Cytokinesis: Page 23

24 Get the Gizmo ready: Extension: Cell populations Click Reset. Select the GRAPH tab. Set the Cycle Length to 5 hours. Question: How quickly do cells multiply? 1. Collect data: Click Play to start a new simulation. Click Pause when the maximum number of cells is reached. View the total number of cells on the GRAPH tab. (Click the button until the whole graph is visible.) Draw a sketch of this graph here. What is the general shape of the graph? 2. Analyze: Look closely at the graph. A. About how long did it take to grow the first 20 cells? B. About how long did it take to grow the last 20 cells? C. Would you say the rate of cell growth is increasing or decreasing? Explain. 3. Extend your thinking: In living organisms, the cell cycle is closely regulated. What do you think will happen if cell division is not controlled? Page 24

25 Mitosis Worksheets 1. Label the following phases of mitosis of an animal cell. Also, label the indicated parts of the cell 2. During which stage of a cell s cycle do the replicated chromosomes thicken and become visible? 3. In animal cells, which structure is thought to produce the spindle fibers that help separate the sister chromatids during anaphase? 4. Is this structure found in plant cells? 5. The drawing below has been made from a photograph showing a cell undergoing mitosis. Based on the drawing, in what stage of mitosis must the cell have been in? Stage: Page 25

26 6. The drawings A-E show stages of mitosis in an plant cell. a) Which of the drawings (A-E) show: i) interphase (DNA is replicated) ii) prophase (chromosomes 2 sister chromatids shorten) iii) metaphase (sister chromatids line up) iv) anaphase (sister chromatids separate) v) telophase (new nucleus forms at each end) vi) cytokinesis (cell contents divided between 2 daughter cells) b) Give two processes which occur during interphase and which are necessary for nuclear division to take place: of the cell and of the DNA Page 26

27 7. This drawings shows various stages of mitosis in a fast growing onion root tip. Identify the cells (by number) which are in the following stages of mitosis: interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase 8. Using colored pens or pencils, show how 2 chromosomes are passed from mother cell to two daughter cells. Page 27

28 Stem Cells and Cell Specialization Using your research skills, answer the following questions: What are stem cells? What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? What are meristematic cells? What is Tissue? Why is cell specialization necessary? Are there certain cells that are replaced more than (or faster than) others? Briefly explain the function of each of the following animal tissues: Tissue Function epithelial connective muscle nervous Page 28

29 Briefly explain the function of each of the following plant tissues: Tissue Function meristematic epidermal ground vascular What are some potential benefits of stem cell research and medical treatment? What are some ethical concerns regarding stem cell research and treatment? Page 29

30 SNC 2D1 Gr. 10 Academic Science Biology Module 3 Organ Systems Respiratory System Digestive System Circulatory System Page 30

31 Components of the Respiratory System Complete the following table for the various components of the respiratory system Component Role Nasal Cavity Epiglottis Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm Ribs Intercostal Muscles Capillaries Page 31

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33 Components of the Digestive System Complete the following table for the various components of the respiratory system Component Role Mouth Salivary Glands Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine Page 33

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39 Biology Review 1. Be able to label the parts of the cells, microscope and organ systems studied in class 2. Explain the roles of the various organelles and components of the organ systems studied in class. 3. As learners, we should be able to apply learning to our lives so that we can make positive changes when necessary. In this unit, you have learned how to maintain the health of your body systems. How healthy is your lifestyle? Provide evidence to support your assessment. 4. Classify the cells below as plant or animal cells, and explain your thinking. 5. Describe the sequence of events that occur in the cell cycle. 6. Explain how mitosis ensures genetic continuity from cell to cell in an organism. 7. Explain the importance of mitosis for the growth of cells and the repair of tissues. 8. Give an example of the tissues found in an animal organ and how the tissues help the organ function. 9. Explain the role of the diaphragm in the process of inhalation and exhalation. 10. Explain how its structure enables the heart to pump blood effectively. 11. Why are cell division and cell specialization important for creating new organs in a fetus? 12. Explain why your breathing rate may be higher when you exercise. 13. Explain why a circulatory system is a necessity for complex multicellular organisms. 14. Explain why biologists describe the following list as a biological hierarchy: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. 15. Use an example to show why the interactions of different systems within an organism are necessary for the survival of the organism. 16. Select one medical development that you learned about in the unit. Evaluate the importance of this development by considering its impact on society. Page 39

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