Evolutionary Microbiology. Chapter 7. Archaea Extremity Survivor

Transcription

1 Evolutionary Microbiology Chapter 7. Archaea Extremity Survivor Jong-Soon Choi Chungnam National Univ. GRAST University of Science and Technology Korea Basic Science Institute 127

2 Unusual Habitats of Unseen Microbes Salt mine of Salzburg Overview of Bad Ischl (Source: 128

3 Unusual Habitats of Unseen Microbes Halococcus dombrowsii captured for 250~300 MY (Source: 129

4 Once Upon a Time. Contemporary plant with Halococcus : Horsetail fern (Source: 130

5 Procaryote vs. Eucaryote (Before 1990) (Source: 131

6 Procaryote vs. Eucaryote (After 1990) 16S rrna Structure Carl Woese (1928~2012) (Source: 132

7 Occurrence of Archaea Richard Dawkins (1948~) Evolutionary pressure affects whole cell as well as gene! Gene is part of the whole cell! Gene can be affected just by environment. Single Gene can t dominate the cell evolution. Gene Continuation is the Ultimate Goal of Life and the Basic Property of Life. We and all life is just train to carry GENE! Ernst Mayr (1904~2005) Selfish Gene!! What are WE?? (Source: 133

8 Classification of Life : Five-kingdoms, Three-domains Linnaeus Kingdoms Haeckel Kingdoms Chatton Empires (Pro- vs Eu-caryote) Copeland Kingdoms Whittaker Kingdoms Woese Kingdoms Woese Domains (Source: 134

9 Classification of Life : Three-domains Universal phylogenetic trees on rooted form 1. Thermotogales, 2. Flavobacteria 3. cyanobacteria, 4. purple bacteria 5. G-positive bacteria, 6. green non-s bact 7. Pyrodictium, 8. Thermoproteus 9. Thermococcales, 10. Methanococcales 11. Methobacteriales, 12. Methanomicrobiales, 13. extreme halophile, 14. animals, 15. ciliates, 16. green plants, 17. fungi, 18. flagellates, 19. microsporidia 135

10 Phylogenetic Tree of Archaea Three versions of Life Tree monophyletic monophyletic paraphyletic Neomura Neomura LCA LCA LCA Last Common Ancestor Neomura evolved from ancestor (Source: Wikipedia) 136

11 Earth Chronicle of Life 4.5BYa 4.0BYa 3.5BYa 3.0BYa 2.5BYa 2.0BYa 1.5BYa 1.0BYa 0.5BYa 0 Occurrence of Earth Ancient Cell Anaerobic First Life: Sulfur bacteria? First Cyanobacteria? Anaerobic bacteria boom Aerobic bacteria boom First Eucaryote occurred First Multi-celled Life occurred Large size Multi-celled Life Aerobic (Source: com) 137

12 Comparison of the Three Domains Characteristics Archaea Bacteria Eucarya Nucleus No No Yes Nucleosome, Histone Yes No Yes Operon, Polycistronic mrnas Yes Yes No Intron No No Yes TATA box-binding protein Yes No Yes Organelle No No Yes Circular DNA Yes Yes No RNA polymerase More than one One More than one Initiator amino acid Methionine N-formyl methionine Methionine Diphteria toxin Sensitive Insensitive Sensitive Peptidoglycan Yes Yes No Membrane lipids Ether-linked Ester-linked Ester-linked Cell wall Yes Yes No Ribosomes 70S 70S 80S 138

13 Membrane Structure of Archaea ARCHAEA 1. Isoprene chain, 2. ether linkage 3. L-glycecrol moiety, 4. phosphate BACTERIA & EUCAROTA 5. Fatty acid chain, 6. ester linkage 7. D-glycerol moiety, 8. phosphate 9. Lipid bilayer of bacteria and eucaryotes 10. Lipid monolayer of some archaebacteria (Source: Wikipedia) 139

14 Nutritional Classification of Archaea Metabolism Nutrition type Energy source Carbon source Examples Phototrophs Lithotrophs Organotrophs Sunlight Inorganic compounds Organic compounds Organic compounds Organic compounds or Carbon fixation Organic compounds or Carbon fixation Halobacterium Ferroglobus, Methanobacteria or Pyrolobus Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus or Methanosarcinales Archaea that grow in the hot water of the Morning Glory Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright color. (Source: 140

15 Characteristics of Archaea Kingdoms and Phyla Domain : Archaea (Woese et al 1990) Euryarchaeota (Woese et al 1990) Aenigmarchaeota (Rinke et al 2013) Diapherotrites (Rinke et al 2013) Euryarchaeota (Garrity & Holt, 2002) Nanoarchaeota (Huber et al 2002) Nanohaloarchaeota (Rinke et al 2013) Parvarchaeota (Rinke et al 2013) Proteoarchaeota (Petitjean et al 2014) Aigarchaeota (Nunoura et al 2011) Bathyarchaeota (Meng et al 2014) Crenarchaeota (Garrity & Holt 2002) Geoarchaeota (Kozubal et al 2013) Korarchaeota (Barns et al 1996) Lokiarchaeota (Spang et al 2015) Thaumarchaeota (Brochier-Armanet et al 2008) Kingdom Phyla Kingdom Phyla 141

16 Halophile Environments solar salterns Owens Lake, Great Salt Lake, coastal splash zones, Dead Sea (Source: 142

17 14 3 Thermophile Environments Hydrothermal Vents in the ocean, and Obsidian Pool in Yellowstone National Park (Source: 143

18 Acidophile Environments (Source: 144

19 ALIEN LIFE?? Alkaliphile Environments Arsenic bacteria, salt-lover As replaces P? At present, GFAJ-1 is simply Ar-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism (NASA, Dr. Felisa W-Simon) e.g. Mono Lake alkaline soda lake, ph 9, salinity 8% (Source: 145

20 Methanogen In termite : Mutualism Sulfolobus infected with DNA virus ARMAN (Archael Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms) Oceanic plankton: Light green color means archaea (Source: com) 146

21 Hydrogenesome Vacuole Macronucleus Micronucleus Hydrogenosome from archaebacterium Nictotherus ovalis Endosymbioant with anaerobic protist Plagiopyla frontata 바퀴벌레후장에존재하는혐기성섬모류 N.ovalis 와메탄생성고세균 Methanobrevibacter-like archaea 사이의공생관계. N.ovalis 의하이드로게네솜에서피부르산의산화과정을통해 ATP 와수소가스생성. 이수소가스는고세균이이용메탄생성 (Source: 147

22 The Richest Billionaire Guy in Life Science (Source: 148