Classification in General

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1 Classification in General

2 Domains Carl Woese-1980s Based upon modern techniques Sequence of rrna in ribosomes trna Plasma membrane lipid structure Sensitivity to antibiotics Three cell types based upon ribosomes

3

4 Three Domains Domains above kingdom level Bacteria or Eubacteriae Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in cell wall Divide by binary fission Motile by flagella or cilia Sensitive to antibiotics

5 Archaea Ancient prokaryotes Cell wall present, not peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Have unusual metabolic processes Not sensitive to antibiotics Methanogens -strict anaerobes Produce methane from CO2 + H2 Live in anaerobic mud lakes Intestine of cows

6 Halophiles Archaea Require high concentration of salt Maintain cell wall Salt lakes

7 Thermophiles Archaea Live in hot sulfurous waters or acidic water Nucleic acids/proteins do not function at low temperatures Volcanic vents in ocean

8 Origins The most ancient prokaryotes are thermophiles. - life originated in a hot environment!

9 Origins The most ancient prokaryotes are thermophiles.

10 The Archaea heat - thermophiles salt - halophiles acid - acidophiles Methanogens produce methane by reducing carbon dioxide - in guts of herbivorous animals.

11 Thermophiles

12 Halophiles

13 All eukaryotes Eukarya Cell wall varies in composition Not sensitive to antibiotics Fungi-yeasts and molds Protists-slime molds, protozoa, & algae Plants & animals

14 Viruses Obligate intracellular parasites Not cells No ribosomes Classification is different

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17 Why Three Domains? Evolutionary relationships of the domains were revealed by rrna sequences (Ribosomal RNA). Common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea diverged more than 3 billion years ago that of the Archaea and Eukarya at least 2 billion years ago

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19 Kingdom Classification Two kingdom approach Three kingdom approach Four Kingdom approach Five kingdom approach

20 Five kingdoms Prokaryotae or Monera All unicellular prokaryotes Some photosynthetic Eukaryotes- divided into 4 kingdoms Plants Animals Fungi Protists

21 Five Kingdom System of Classification Phylum Nematoda

22 Phylum Nematoda

23 Phylum Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Class: Myriapoda Class: Insecta Class: Arachnida Class: Onychophora

24 Classification of Arthropoda

25 Soil Arthropods Microarthropods are sampled by collecting a fragment of habitat. Macroarthropods are collected by hand sorting. Microarthropods Dominated by two groups: the mites (order: Acarina) and the Spring tails (Order: Collembola). Mites and Spring tails account for about 90% of the microarthropods in most soil systems. Others included are Protura, Pauropoda, Diptera, Aranea, Pseudoscorpions, Homoptera, and Coleoptera.

26 The most dominant microarthropods Mites: Class: Arachnida Order: Acarina or Acari Suborders of Soil forms of Acari: 1. Prostigmata Spring tails: Class: Insecta Order: Collembola Eighteen families of Colembolas are recognised. Taxonomy is in state of flux. 2. Mesostigmata 3. Oribatei 4. Astigmata

27 Most numerous Flattened, tick-like Found in disturbed situations Prostigmata Delicate Mesostigmata Feed upon fungal hyphae Not numerous Predators on nematodes Predaceous/ Fungivorous Predators-bright red White to colourless Subject to desication Occasional Active predators (larger ones) Used to control housefly populations in manure Numerous Astigmata Called as Cheese mites Heavily sclerotized exoskeleton Oribatei Brown to beetle - like Pests of root crops Associated with highly organic manure Octopod Unsegmented

28 Major groups of macroarthropods Class Order Common Name Arachnida Araneae Spiders Scorpiones Opiliones Pseudoscorpiones Solifugae Scorpions Phalangids, harvestmen Pseudoscorpions Windscorpions Malacostraca Isopod Sowbugs, pillbugs Diplopoda 10 orders Millipedes Chilopoda 4 Orders Centipedes Hexapoda 31 Orders Insects

29 Order 5 Solifugae have long Chelicerae and leg-like elongated pedipalpi Order 4 Air-breathing, mostly terrestrial Pseudoscorpiones resembles Scorpiones in chelicerae Arachnida Body divided into two regions and pedipalpi Order 3 Opiliones have extremely long legs Order 1 Araneae are the most dominant groups, Chelicerae is Subchealate, Pedipalpi simple and six jointed Order 2 Scorpiones have well developed chelicerae and pedipalpi

30 Daddy-long-legs (Harvestmen, Phalangids) Sun Spiders/Wind Scorpions/Solpugids

31 Abdomen is usually short Eyes sessile Malacostraca Order Isopoda Marine, freshwater, terrestrial or Parasitic crustaceans Body dorsoventrally flattened Carapace absent Trunck bears numerous segments, each of which bears two pairs of legs Herbivorous Poison jaws are absent Diplopoda Body is usually cylindrical Head bears antennae, one pair of mandibles and one pair of maxillae

32 Poison jaws present Numerous trunk segments, each pairing a single pair of legs Chilopoda (Centipedes) Genital opening at the posterior end Body dorsoventrally flattened Head bears many jointed antennae Abdomen bears 7-11 segments and devoid of appendages Thorax bears three free segments Hexapoda or Insecta Body is divided as head, thorax and abdomen Head bears six fused segments

33 Phylum Annelida

34 Systematics and global distribution/origin of major families of the terrestrial oligochaeta (Wallwork, 1983; Reynolds and Cook, 1993)

35 Concluding Remarks Many earthworm species in the family Lumbricidae can be identified from external body characteristics. Other require dissection for accurate taxonomic identification. Several keys are available at the family level Jamieson, 1988 includes a key and diagrammatic comparison of internal structure of most families. Edwards and Bohlen (1996) review major characteristics of the families.

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