Bio Microbiology - Spring 2010 Study Guide 18
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1 Bio Microbiology - Spring 2010 Study Guide 18
2 Archaea Kingdom Crenarchaeota: mainly hyperthermophiles Kingdom Euryarchaeota: methanogens, halophiles, Thermoplasma & Archaeoglobus Kingdom Korarchaeota: based on 16S rrna sequences from uncultured microbes from terrestrial hot springs
3
4 Genome Browser
5
6 Archaea: Morphology
7 Summary of Major Differentiating Features Among Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eucarya Membrane-bound nucleus Absent Absent Present Muramic Acid Muramic Acid Cell Wall Muramic Acid present present present Membrane lipids Ester-linked Ether-linked Ester-linked Ribosomes 70S 70S 80S (70S organelles) Initiator trna Formyl-methionine Methionine Methionine Introns in trna genes Rare Yes Yes Operons Yes Yes No Capping and poly-a tailing of mrna No No Yes Plasmids Common Yes Rare Protein synthesis sensitive to diptheria toxin No Yes Yes RNA polymerases One-type (4 subunits) Several (8-12 subunits) 3 (12-14 subunits) Sensitivity to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin Yes No No Methanogenesis No Yes No Reduction of S 0 to H 2 S Yes Yes No Nitrogen fixation Yes Yes No Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis Yes No Yes (chloroplasts)
8 Sensitivity of Representatives of the Three Domains to Various Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Archaea Bacteria Eucary Antibiotics Mode of Action Methanobacterium Sulfolobus E. coli Yeast Fusidic Acid, Inhibits Sparsomycin elongation Anisomycin, Inhibits peptidyl Narciclasine transfer Cycloheximide Erythromycin, Streptomycin Chloramphenicol Virginiamycin, Pulvomycin Neomycin, Puromycin Rifamycin Blocks translocation step Various effects on translocation, peptidyl transferase miscoding, etc. Inhibit elongation steps Premature termination Inhibits RNA polymerase
9 Ignicoccus hospitalis Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of tiny microbe, discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland by Karl Stetter. Since it grows in temperatures approaching boiling, it is considered to be a thermophile. Nanoarchaeum appears to be an obligatory symbiont on the archaeon Ignicoccus; it must be in contact with the host organism to survive. Its cells are only 400 nm in diameter, making it the next smallest known living organism. Its genome is only 490,885 nucleotides long; the smallest non-viral genome ever sequenced
10 Growth Conditions of Some Hyperthermophilic Archaea
11 Energy-yielding Reactions in Hyperthermophilic Archaea (Chemolithoautotrophes)
12 Hyperthermophiles (bulky lines) within the 16(18)S rrnabased phylogenetic tree.
13 Morphology and Size of Hyperthermophilic Archaea (Examples)
14 Membrane Lipids of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
15
16 Escherichia coli K-12 Halobacterium NRC1 TIGR Locus MW pi TIGR Locus MW pi NT01EC NT01HS NT01EC NT01HS NT01EC NT01HS NT01EC NT01HS NT01EC NT01HS
17 Typical image of 2-D gel electrophoresis analysis of intracellular proteins of Halobacterium NRC-1 (pi 3-6) by modified procedure, cells were grown under normal growth conditions. B. 2-D gel analysis of intracellular acidic proteins of Halobacterium NRC-1 by unmodified procedure.
18 Distribution of Calculated Isoelectric Points (pi) of Proteins in Escherichia coli K Frequency pi
19 Distribution of Calculated Isoelectric Points (pi) in Halobacterium NRC Frequency pi
20 Ribosome Haloa. H. halo. E. coli V. Bac Pyr Protein mar. NRC1 K-12 chol. subtl. ae L1p L L L4/L L L
21
22
23 Why was a purple pigment selectively advantageous to the Archaea? A purple pigment absorbs in the middle of the visible spectrum, where the sun emits light most copiously. It absorbs green light, but reflects red and blue so it looks purple.
24 Phototaxis in Halobacterium salinarum
25 Biology of Halobacterium NRC-1
26 Halobacterium virus f H
27 Protein secretion in the Archaea: multiple paths towards a unique cell surface Sonja-Verena Albers, Zalán Szabó and Arnold J. M. Driessen Nature Reviews Microbiology 4, (July 2006) doi: /nrmicro1440
28 Albers et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology advance online publication; published online 06 June 2006 doi: /nrmicro1440
29 Albers et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology advance online publication; published online 06 June 2006 doi: /nrmicro1440
30 Albers et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology advance online publication; published online 06 June 2006 doi: /nrmicro1440
31 Albers et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology advance online publication; published online 06 June 2006 doi: /nrmicro1440
32 Albers et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology advance online publication; published online 06 June 2006 doi: /nrmicro1440
33 The End
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