Introduction to the Ribosome Overview of protein synthesis on the ribosome Prof. Anders Liljas

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction to the Ribosome Overview of protein synthesis on the ribosome Prof. Anders Liljas"

Transcription

1 Introduction to the Ribosome Molecular Biophysics Lund University 1 A B C D E F G H I J Genome Protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 aa7 aa10 aa9 aa8 aa11 aa12 aa13 a a 14 How is a polypeptide synthesized? 2 R 1 Two amino acids R 2 NH 2 CH C CH OH + NH 2 C OH R 1 O How? synthesized O O H N H CH C N H CH C OH + H 2 O R 2 O into a peptide! 3 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 1

2 1940 The nature of the genetic material and the process of heredity was not known; Nucleic acids were known but not their genetic or functional roles Proteins and enzymes were quite well known and in focus Could proteins be made by a reversed proteolytic activity? 4 DNA 1869 Miescher discovered DNA 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty showed that DNA is the genetic material 1953 The double helical structure of DNA was established 1966 The genetic code was completed 5 The genetic code 1st base in codon U C A G 2nd base in codon U C A G Phe F Ser S Tyr Y Cys C U Phe F Ser S Tyr Y Cys C C Leu L Ser S STOP STOP A Leu L Ser S STOP Trp W G Leu L Pro P His H Arg R U Leu L Pro P His H Arg R C Leu L Pro P Gln Q Arg R A Leu L Pro P Gln Q Arg R G Ile I Thr T Asn N Ser S U Ile I Thr T Asn N Ser S C Ile I Thr T Lys K Arg R A Met M Thr T Lys K Arg R G Val V Ala A Asp D Gly G U Val V Ala A Asp D Gly G C Val V Ala A Glu E Gly G A 3rd base in codon Val V Ala A Glu E Gly G G Nirenberg et al., 1961, The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 2

3 trna 1951 ATP is needed for in vitro incorporation of amino acids into the polypeptide 1955 Aminoacyl adenylate identified The adaptor hypothesis 1957 trna isolated 7 Crick s Adaptor Hypothesis, 1955 It is therefore a natural hypothesis that the amino acid is carried to the template by an adaptor molecule and the adaptor is the part which actually fits onto the RNA; In the simplest form one would require twenty adaptors, one for each amino acid 8 srna trna G C C A Amino acid The adaptor hypothesis coincided with the isolation of trna molecules (then called srna) by Hoagland et al. (1957) Crick was surprized when he learned that the isolated srna molecules were as long as nucleotides The structure of trna as suggested by Watson The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 3

4 trna 1957 trna isolated 1965 The first trna is sequenced 1974 The structure of trna Phe 10 trna, the substrate of translation The structure of trna has the shape of an L 75Å between the anticodon and the acceptor end The ribosome must be constructed to fit 11 The charging system 20 trna synthetases The first structure was TyrRS (Nyborg et al. 1976) Gln synthetase with bound trna 12 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 4

5 RNA and ribosomes 1941 High level of RNA is correlated with high levels of protein synthesis 1952 Ribosomal particles were isolated by ultracentrifugation 13 Ribosomes seen as black dots by EM Doutheil et al RNA and ribosomes 1941 High level of RNA is correlated with of protein synthesis Ribosomal particles were isolated by ultracentrifugation mrna discovered 1957 Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis 1958 The name ribosome begins to be used 2000 High resolution structures of ribosomes and subunits 15 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 5

6 2D gel of the ribosomal proteins from E. coli 30S: S1-S21 50S: L1-L33 Kaltschmidt & Wittmann PNAS 67(1970) Composition of ribosomes Source Ribosomes Small subunit Large subunit RNA Proteins RNA Proteins Bacteria 70S 30S 16S 21 50S 23S, 5S 33 Chloroplasts 70S 30S 16S 21 50S 23S, 5S, 4.5S 33 Archaea 70S 30S 16S 28 50S 23S, 5S 40 Mitochondria plant 70S 30S 18S 31 50S 26S 46 yeast 74S 37S 15S 31 54S 21S 46 mammals 55S 28S 12S 29 38S 16S 48 Eukarya 80S 40S 18S 32 60S 28S, 5S, 5.8S Relationship between ribosomal proteins Eukarya E:11 (4,7) AE:31 (13,18) A:1 (0,1) Archaea BE:0 BAE:36 (15,21) BA:0 B:21 (8,13) Bacteria The translation system is the most conserved molecular system 18 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 6

7 Watson, concerning the translation system: Unfortunately, we cannot accurately describe at the chemical level how a molecule functions unless we know first its structure 1964 Function is Structure! 19 Electron microscopy of ribosomes Central protuberance Head L12 stalk L1 30S 50S Platform Lake et al Body Gabaschvili et al Localization of ribosomal proteins Immune-EM Lake et al Neutron scattering Capel et al The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 7

8 30S 50S Some ribosomal proteins have unusual structure with terminal tails or extended loops Often rich in basic residues Ramakrishnan & Moore, E. coli rrna sequence and secondary structure (Brosius et al. 1978, 1980) Conserved regions are single stranded Functional sites? S RNA 16S RNA 5S RNA 30S 50S 23 trna sites 1964 Two sites for trna were identified: P-site, The donor site for peptidyl trna A-site, The site for aminoacyl trna, the acceptor site 1981 A third site was observed for exiting deacylated trna, E-site (Reinberger et al. 1981) 1997 The T-site was described aa-trna in complex with EF- Tu is bound to the T-site with some overlap of the A-site 24 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 8

9 2000 crystallographic structures of ribosomes and subunits E P A 50S 30S Yusupov et al., The mrna/trna channel mrna Ribosomal sites trna Peptidyl transferase The peptide exit channel Decoding site The functional sites are between the subunits 26 E P A Translocation EF-G:GTP Peptide release RF1/RF2 RF3:GTP E P A Peptidyl transfer Elongation Release, recycling, initiation Ribosome recycling RRF EF-G:GTP E P A E P A aa-trna delivery EF-Tu:GTP Initiation mrna IF-1 IF-2:GTP IF-3 f-met trna E P A 27 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 9

10 Initiation IF1 Introduction to the Ribosome Assists IF-2 in initiation IF2 Binds initiator-trna to P-site GTPase IF3 Elongation Assists in dissociation of subunits EF-Tu Binds aa-trna to A-site GTPase SelB Binds Se-Cys-tRNA to A-site GTPase EF-Ts GEF for EF-Tu EF-G Translocation GTPase LepA Back-translocation GTPase Termination and recycling RF1, 2 Releases peptide from P-site trna RF3 Releases RF-1,2 from ribosome GTPase RRF Bacterial translation factors Dissociates the terminated ribosomes Ribosomal sites trna sites E P A GTPase binding site Subunit bridges Liljas EF-Tu With GTP EF-Tu With GDP With GTP and aatrna Nissen et al The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 10

11 The GTP binding consensus elements of EF-G 31 Binding of trna Delivery of trna to the ribosome EF-Tu:GTP GAP GTPase activating protein, L12? EF-Tu:GTP The EF-Tu cycle EF-Tu:GDP G nucleotide exchange factor GEF EF-Tu:GDP Dissociation from the ribosome 32 30S 50S 30S 50S Peptidyl -trna The ribosome with a P-site trna With EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA Stark et al., The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 11

12 Initially Due Subsequently After to the a GTP kink trna hydrolysis in peptidyl has the no trna contact transfer EF-Tu the anticodon with falls occurs the off codon and the can trna contact moves the into codon the A-site G G PTC C CA A C C G EF-Tu EF-Tu I III GDP I II C EF-Tu III C GDP II P I A III GTP mrna 34 Is the ribosome a ribozyme? N-terminus of L27 in the PTC P-site trna Selmer et al., V IV III EF-G translocates pp-trna from A- to P-site G II EF-G mimics EF-Tu*tRNA Nissen et al G GTP/GDP Ævarsson et al Czworkowski et al The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 12

13 EF-G bound to the ribosome beak mrna channel platform Central protuberance Stalk base h44 spur Valle et al., L12 Not seen in the crystal structures Nissen et al., or 3 dimers per ribosome A highly flexible protein L12 is important for GTP hydrolysis The ribosomal GAP? When and how does L12 interact? 38 L12 stalk Ribosome by cryo-em L11 L10 The X-ray structure of the stalk inserted into one cryo-em version 2 * L12 NTD 2 Diaconu et al., The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 13

14 CTD L7/L12 dimer by NMR NTD Flexible hinges CTD Bocharov et al., L12 seen by NMR in 70S ribosomes Hinge residues (32-51) CTD residues (52-120) 30S subunit proteins NTD residues (1-31) are missing 41 The elongating ribosome binding of aa-trna EF-G GTP EF-Tu*tRNA 42 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 14

15 Translocation by EF-G EF-G GTP EF-Tu*tRNA 43 EF-G interaction surface on L12 All GTPases interact with the same surface of L12 as seen by NMR (Helgstrand et al. 2007) At what stage and with what role? 44 RF2 has almost the shape of a trna GGQ hydrolyses the peptide from trna Anticodon 23Å SPF The two functional sites are not 75Å apart as required by trna mimicry 45 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 15

16 Crystal structure 23Å between sites On the ribosome 73Å between sites 46 Ribosome recycling RRF mimics trna Does it bind to a trna site? Selmer et al Neither RF2 nor RRF bind as trna RF2 RRF Brodersen, Ramakrishnan et al., The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 16

17 49 The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 17

Advanced Topics in RNA and DNA. DNA Microarrays Aptamers

Advanced Topics in RNA and DNA. DNA Microarrays Aptamers Quiz 1 Advanced Topics in RNA and DNA DNA Microarrays Aptamers 2 Quantifying mrna levels to asses protein expression 3 The DNA Microarray Experiment 4 Application of DNA Microarrays 5 Some applications

More information

GENETICS - CLUTCH CH.11 TRANSLATION.

GENETICS - CLUTCH CH.11 TRANSLATION. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: GENETIC CODE Nucleotides and amino acids are translated in a 1 to 1 method The triplet code states that three nucleotides codes for one amino acid - A codon is a term for

More information

Gene Expression: Translation. transmission of information from mrna to proteins Chapter 5 slide 1

Gene Expression: Translation. transmission of information from mrna to proteins Chapter 5 slide 1 Gene Expression: Translation transmission of information from mrna to proteins 601 20000 Chapter 5 slide 1 Fig. 6.1 General structural formula for an amino acid Peter J. Russell, igenetics: Copyright Pearson

More information

Lecture 9 Translation.

Lecture 9 Translation. 1 Translation Summary of important events in translation. 2 Translation Reactions involved in peptide bond formation. Lecture 9 3 Genetic code Three types of RNA molecules perform different but complementary

More information

TRANSLATION: How to make proteins?

TRANSLATION: How to make proteins? TRANSLATION: How to make proteins? EUKARYOTIC mrna CBP80 NUCLEUS SPLICEOSOME 5 UTR INTRON 3 UTR m 7 GpppG AUG UAA 5 ss 3 ss CBP20 PABP2 AAAAAAAAAAAAA 50-200 nts CYTOPLASM eif3 EJC PABP1 5 UTR 3 UTR m 7

More information

BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 33 Lecture Notes

BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 33 Lecture Notes BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 33 Lecture Notes Slide 1 The chapter covers degradation of proteins as well. We will not have time to get into that subject. Chapter 33 Protein Synthesis Slide 2 Prokaryotic

More information

Section 7. Junaid Malek, M.D.

Section 7. Junaid Malek, M.D. Section 7 Junaid Malek, M.D. RNA Processing and Nomenclature For the purposes of this class, please do not refer to anything as mrna that has not been completely processed (spliced, capped, tailed) RNAs

More information

Protein synthesis I Biochemistry 302. February 17, 2006

Protein synthesis I Biochemistry 302. February 17, 2006 Protein synthesis I Biochemistry 302 February 17, 2006 Key features and components involved in protein biosynthesis High energy cost (essential metabolic activity of cell Consumes 90% of the chemical energy

More information

CHAPTER4 Translation

CHAPTER4 Translation CHAPTER4 Translation 4.1 Outline of Translation 4.2 Genetic Code 4.3 trna and Anticodon 4.4 Ribosome 4.5 Protein Synthesis 4.6 Posttranslational Events 4.1 Outline of Translation From mrna to protein

More information

Protein synthesis II Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm February 25, 2004

Protein synthesis II Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm February 25, 2004 Protein synthesis II Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm February 25, 2004 Two idealized views of the 70S ribosomal complex during translation 70S cavity Fig. 27.25 50S tunnel View with 30S subunit in front, 50S

More information

From Gene to Protein

From Gene to Protein From Gene to Protein Gene Expression Process by which DNA directs the synthesis of a protein 2 stages transcription translation All organisms One gene one protein 1. Transcription of DNA Gene Composed

More information

9 The Process of Translation

9 The Process of Translation 9 The Process of Translation 9.1 Stages of Translation Process We are familiar with the genetic code, we can begin to study the mechanism by which amino acids are assembled into proteins. Because more

More information

ومن أحياها Translation 2. Translation 2. DONE BY :Nisreen Obeidat

ومن أحياها Translation 2. Translation 2. DONE BY :Nisreen Obeidat Translation 2 DONE BY :Nisreen Obeidat Page 0 Prokaryotes - Shine-Dalgarno Sequence (2:18) What we're seeing here are different portions of sequences of mrna of different promoters from different bacterial

More information

Translation. A ribosome, mrna, and trna.

Translation. A ribosome, mrna, and trna. Translation The basic processes of translation are conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic Translation A ribosome, mrna, and trna. In the initiation of translation in prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno

More information

Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein. Biology Kevin Dees

Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein. Biology Kevin Dees Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein DNA The information molecule Sequences of bases is a code DNA organized in to chromosomes Chromosomes are organized into genes What do the genes actually say??? Reflecting

More information

Chapter

Chapter Chapter 17 17.4-17.6 Molecular Components of Translation A cell interprets a genetic message and builds a polypeptide The message is a series of codons on mrna The interpreter is called transfer (trna)

More information

Molecular Biology (9)

Molecular Biology (9) Molecular Biology (9) Translation Mamoun Ahram, PhD Second semester, 2017-2018 1 Resources This lecture Cooper, Ch. 8 (297-319) 2 General information Protein synthesis involves interactions between three

More information

Lecture 25: Protein Synthesis Key learning goals: Be able to explain the main stuctural features of ribosomes, and know (roughly) how many DNA and

Lecture 25: Protein Synthesis Key learning goals: Be able to explain the main stuctural features of ribosomes, and know (roughly) how many DNA and Lecture 25: Protein Synthesis Key learning goals: Be able to explain the main stuctural features of ribosomes, and know (roughly) how many DNA and protein subunits they contain. Understand the main functions

More information

Translation. Genetic code

Translation. Genetic code Translation Genetic code If genes are segments of DNA and if DNA is just a string of nucleotide pairs, then how does the sequence of nucleotide pairs dictate the sequence of amino acids in proteins? Simple

More information

TRANSLATION: How to make proteins?

TRANSLATION: How to make proteins? TRANSLATION: How to make proteins? EUKARYOTIC mrna CBP80 NUCLEUS SPLICEOSOME 5 UTR INTRON 3 UTR m 7 GpppG AUG UAA 5 ss 3 ss CBP20 PABP2 AAAAAAAAAAAAA 50-200 nts CYTOPLASM eif3 EJC PABP1 5 UTR 3 UTR m 7

More information

Newly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus:

Newly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus: m Eukaryotic mrna processing Newly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus: Cap structure a modified guanine base is added to the 5 end. Poly-A tail

More information

Ranjit P. Bahadur Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. 1 st November, 2013

Ranjit P. Bahadur Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. 1 st November, 2013 Hydration of protein-rna recognition sites Ranjit P. Bahadur Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India 1 st November, 2013 Central Dogma of life DNA

More information

(Lys), resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid. resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid.

(Lys), resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid. resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid. 1. A change that makes a polypeptide defective has been discovered in its amino acid sequence. The normal and defective amino acid sequences are shown below. Researchers are attempting to reproduce the

More information

Protein Biosynthesis: The Overall Picture

Protein Biosynthesis: The Overall Picture Protein Biosynthesis: The Overall Picture From: Biochemistry Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer 5 th Ed. The Nature of the Genetic Code Three bases code for one amino acid WHY? Consider 4 n then 1 base can only code

More information

Types of RNA. 1. Messenger RNA(mRNA): 1. Represents only 5% of the total RNA in the cell.

Types of RNA. 1. Messenger RNA(mRNA): 1. Represents only 5% of the total RNA in the cell. RNAs L.Os. Know the different types of RNA & their relative concentration Know the structure of each RNA Understand their functions Know their locations in the cell Understand the differences between prokaryotic

More information

Reading the genetic code: The 3D version. Venki Ramakrishnan MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom

Reading the genetic code: The 3D version. Venki Ramakrishnan MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom Reading the genetic code: The 3D version Venki Ramakrishnan MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom DNA The Central Dogma The Central Dogma DNA mrna The Central Dogma DNA mrna Protein

More information

TWO PARTNERS OF THE RIBOSOME, EF-TU AND LEPA EVELINA INES DE LAURENTIIS. B.Sc. University of Lethbridge, A Thesis

TWO PARTNERS OF THE RIBOSOME, EF-TU AND LEPA EVELINA INES DE LAURENTIIS. B.Sc. University of Lethbridge, A Thesis TWO PARTNERS OF THE RIBOSOME, EF-TU AND LEPA EVELINA INES DE LAURENTIIS B.Sc. University of Lethbridge, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial

More information

Translation and Operons

Translation and Operons Translation and Operons You Should Be Able To 1. Describe the three stages translation. including the movement of trna molecules through the ribosome. 2. Compare and contrast the roles of three different

More information

7.05 Spring 2004 February 27, Recitation #2

7.05 Spring 2004 February 27, Recitation #2 Recitation #2 Contact Information TA: Victor Sai Recitation: Friday, 3-4pm, 2-132 E-mail: sai@mit.edu ffice ours: Friday, 4-5pm, 2-132 Unit 1 Schedule Recitation/Exam Date Lectures covered Recitation #2

More information

Information Content in Genetics:

Information Content in Genetics: Information Content in Genetics: DNA, RNA and protein mrna translation into protein (protein synthesis) Francis Crick, 1958 [Crick, F. H. C. in Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., The Biological Replication of Macromolecules,

More information

Properties of amino acids in proteins

Properties of amino acids in proteins Properties of amino acids in proteins one of the primary roles of DNA (but not the only one!) is to code for proteins A typical bacterium builds thousands types of proteins, all from ~20 amino acids repeated

More information

RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Making Proteins Using Directions From DNA

RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Making Proteins Using Directions From DNA RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Making Proteins Using Directions From DNA RNA & Protein Synthesis v Nitrogenous bases in DNA contain information that directs protein synthesis v DNA remains in nucleus v in order

More information

Organic Chemistry Option II: Chemical Biology

Organic Chemistry Option II: Chemical Biology Organic Chemistry Option II: Chemical Biology Recommended books: Dr Stuart Conway Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford email: stuart.conway@chem.ox.ac.uk Teaching

More information

Molecular Genetics Principles of Gene Expression: Translation

Molecular Genetics Principles of Gene Expression: Translation Paper No. : 16 Module : 13 Principles of gene expression: Translation Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Head, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator: Prof.

More information

Lecture 13: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS II- TRANSLATION

Lecture 13: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS II- TRANSLATION http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/ Password: https://syukur16tom.wordpress.com/ Password: Lecture 13: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS II- TRANSLATION http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/translation2.gif

More information

Part IV => DNA and RNA. 4.6 RNA Translation 4.6a Genetic Code 4.6b Translational Machinery

Part IV => DNA and RNA. 4.6 RNA Translation 4.6a Genetic Code 4.6b Translational Machinery Part IV => DNA and RNA 4.6 RNA Translation 4.6a Genetic Code 4.6b Translational Machinery Section 4.6a: Genetic Code Synopsis 4.6a - In order to translate the genetic information (or genetic code) carried

More information

BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis)

BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) BCMB 3100 - Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) Translation Genetic code trna Amino acyl trna Ribosomes Initiation Elongation Termination How is the nucleotide code translated into a protein

More information

BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis)

BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) BCMB 3100 - Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) Translation Genetic code trna Amino acyl trna Ribosomes Initiation Elongation Termination How is the nucleotide code translated into a protein

More information

Reading Assignments. A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides. Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Reading Assignments. A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides. Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype Reading Assignments Read Chapter 7 From DNA to Protein A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides Genes are made up of DNA and are expressed

More information

Biochemistry Prokaryotic translation

Biochemistry Prokaryotic translation 1 Description of Module Subject Name Paper Name Module Name/Title Dr. Vijaya Khader Dr. MC Varadaraj 2 1. Objectives 2. Understand the concept of genetic code 3. Understand the concept of wobble hypothesis

More information

Molecular Biology of the Cell

Molecular Biology of the Cell Alberts Johnson Lewis Morgan Raff Roberts Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell Sixth Edition Chapter 6 (pp. 333-368) How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein Copyright Garland Science 2015 Genetic

More information

Translation and the Genetic Code

Translation and the Genetic Code Chapter 11. Translation and the Genetic Code 1. Protein Structure 2. Components required for Protein Synthesis 3. Properties of the Genetic Code: An Overview 4. A Degenerate and Ordered Code 1 Sickle-Cell

More information

NO!!!!! BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis)

NO!!!!! BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) BCMB Chapters 39 & 40 Translation (protein synthesis) BCMB 3100 - Chapters 39 & 40 Translation How is the nucleotide code translated into a protein code? translation DNA RNA protein transcription 5 UCA 3 NH 2 Ser COO -????? Adapter Molecule Hypothesis (Crick,

More information

-14. -Abdulrahman Al-Hanbali. -Shahd Alqudah. -Dr Ma mon Ahram. 1 P a g e

-14. -Abdulrahman Al-Hanbali. -Shahd Alqudah. -Dr Ma mon Ahram. 1 P a g e -14 -Abdulrahman Al-Hanbali -Shahd Alqudah -Dr Ma mon Ahram 1 P a g e In this lecture we will talk about the last stage in the synthesis of proteins from DNA which is translation. Translation is the process

More information

Chapter 12. Genes: Expression and Regulation

Chapter 12. Genes: Expression and Regulation Chapter 12 Genes: Expression and Regulation 1 DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis produces three types of RNA trna carries amino acids during protein synthesis rrna component of ribosomes mrna directs protein

More information

L I F E S C I E N C E S

L I F E S C I E N C E S 1a L I F E S C I E N C E S 5 -UUA AUA UUC GAA AGC UGC AUC GAA AAC UGU GAA UCA-3 5 -TTA ATA TTC GAA AGC TGC ATC GAA AAC TGT GAA TCA-3 3 -AAT TAT AAG CTT TCG ACG TAG CTT TTG ACA CTT AGT-5 NOVEMBER 7, 2006

More information

Protein synthesis I Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm February 23, 2004

Protein synthesis I Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm February 23, 2004 Protein synthesis I Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm February 23, 2004 Key features of protein synthesis Energy glutton Essential metabolic activity of the cell. Consumes 90% of the chemical energy (ATP,GTP).

More information

Conceptofcolinearity: a continuous sequence of nucleotides in DNA encodes a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein

Conceptofcolinearity: a continuous sequence of nucleotides in DNA encodes a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein Translation Conceptofcolinearity: a continuous sequence of nucleotides in DNA encodes a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein Para além do fenómeno do wobble, há que considerar Desvios ao código

More information

Joachim Frank Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza P.O. Box 509 Albany, New York Tel: (518)

Joachim Frank Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza P.O. Box 509 Albany, New York Tel: (518) This material is provided for educational use only. The information in these slides including all data, images and related materials are the property of : Joachim Frank Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza

More information

Videos. Bozeman, transcription and translation: https://youtu.be/h3b9arupxzg Crashcourse: Transcription and Translation - https://youtu.

Videos. Bozeman, transcription and translation: https://youtu.be/h3b9arupxzg Crashcourse: Transcription and Translation - https://youtu. Translation Translation Videos Bozeman, transcription and translation: https://youtu.be/h3b9arupxzg Crashcourse: Transcription and Translation - https://youtu.be/itsb2sqr-r0 Translation Translation The

More information

TRANSLATION: How to make proteins?

TRANSLATION: How to make proteins? TRANSLATION: How to make proteins? EUKARYOTIC mrna CBP80 NUCLEUS SPLICEOSOME 5 UTR INTRON 3 UTR m 7 GpppG AUG UAA 5 ss 3 ss CBP20 PABP2 AAAAAAAAAAAAA 50-200 nts CYTOPLASM eif3 EJC PABP1 5 UTR 3 UTR m 7

More information

Degeneracy. Two types of degeneracy:

Degeneracy. Two types of degeneracy: Degeneracy The occurrence of more than one codon for an amino acid (AA). Most differ in only the 3 rd (3 ) base, with the 1 st and 2 nd being most important for distinguishing the AA. Two types of degeneracy:

More information

EF-Tu GDP leaves the ribosome. EF-Tu GDP is reactivated into EF-Tu GTP by EF-Ts.

EF-Tu GDP leaves the ribosome. EF-Tu GDP is reactivated into EF-Tu GTP by EF-Ts. Distance-Based Approaches to Protein Structure Determination III S7 Macromolecular mimicry in protein biosynthesis Jens Nyborg 1, Poul Nissen 1, Morten Kjeldgaard 1, Søren Thirup 1, Galina Polekhina 1,

More information

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Energy and Cellular Metabolism 1 Chapter 4 About This Chapter Energy and Cellular Metabolism 2 Energy in biological systems Chemical reactions Enzymes Metabolism Figure 4.1 Energy transfer in the environment Table 4.1 Properties of

More information

protein synthesis and the ribosome

protein synthesis and the ribosome protein synthesis and the ribosome Central dogma of biology DNA codes for DNA DNA codes for RNA RNA codes for proteins not surprisingly, many points for regulation of the process RNA codes for proteins

More information

Biological Macromolecules

Biological Macromolecules Introduction for Chem 493 Chemistry of Biological Macromolecules Dr. L. Luyt January 2008 Dr. L. Luyt Chem 493-2008 1 Biological macromolecules are the molecules of life allow for organization serve a

More information

Geometrical Concept-reduction in conformational space.and his Φ-ψ Map. G. N. Ramachandran

Geometrical Concept-reduction in conformational space.and his Φ-ψ Map. G. N. Ramachandran Geometrical Concept-reduction in conformational space.and his Φ-ψ Map G. N. Ramachandran Communication paths in trna-synthetase: Insights from protein structure networks and MD simulations Saraswathi Vishveshwara

More information

Biophysics Lectures Three and Four

Biophysics Lectures Three and Four Biophysics Lectures Three and Four Kevin Cahill cahill@unm.edu http://dna.phys.unm.edu/ 1 The Atoms and Molecules of Life Cells are mostly made from the most abundant chemical elements, H, C, O, N, Ca,

More information

Laith AL-Mustafa. Protein synthesis. Nabil Bashir 10\28\ First

Laith AL-Mustafa. Protein synthesis. Nabil Bashir 10\28\ First Laith AL-Mustafa Protein synthesis Nabil Bashir 10\28\2015 http://1drv.ms/1gigdnv 01 First 0 Protein synthesis In previous lectures we started talking about DNA Replication (DNA synthesis) and we covered

More information

Ribosome readthrough

Ribosome readthrough Ribosome readthrough Starting from the base PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Eukaryotic translation can be divided into four stages: Initiation, Elongation, Termination and Recycling During translation, the ribosome

More information

Details of Protein Structure

Details of Protein Structure Details of Protein Structure Function, evolution & experimental methods Thomas Blicher, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis Anne Mølgaard, Kemisk Institut, Københavns Universitet Learning Objectives

More information

Chapter 19 Overview. Protein Synthesis. for amino acid. n Protein Synthesis genetic info encoded in nucleic acids translated into standard amino acids

Chapter 19 Overview. Protein Synthesis. for amino acid. n Protein Synthesis genetic info encoded in nucleic acids translated into standard amino acids Chapter 19 Overview Protein Synthesis n Protein Synthesis genetic info encoded in nucleic acids translated into standard amino acids n Genetic code dictionary defining meaning for base sequence n Codon

More information

mrna and Genetic code standard

mrna and Genetic code standard Synthesis and Processing of the Proteome. (mrna and Genetic code: standard and variations; codon anti codon interactions), The role of trna in protein synthesis, Role of Ribosome in Protein synthesis (Ribosome

More information

Exam I Answer Key: Summer 2006, Semester C

Exam I Answer Key: Summer 2006, Semester C 1. Which of the following tripeptides would migrate most rapidly towards the negative electrode if electrophoresis is carried out at ph 3.0? a. gly-gly-gly b. glu-glu-asp c. lys-glu-lys d. val-asn-lys

More information

ومن أحياها Translation 1. Translation 1. DONE BY :Maen Faoury

ومن أحياها Translation 1. Translation 1. DONE BY :Maen Faoury Translation 1 DONE BY :Maen Faoury 0 1 ومن أحياها Translation 1 2 ومن أحياها Translation 1 In this lecture and the coming lectures you are going to see how the genetic information is transferred into proteins

More information

Molecular Biology - Translation of RNA to make Protein *

Molecular Biology - Translation of RNA to make Protein * OpenStax-CNX module: m49485 1 Molecular Biology - Translation of RNA to make Protein * Jerey Mahr Based on Translation by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative

More information

7.88 Lecture Notes /7.88J/5.48J The Protein Folding Problem. Ribosomes and In Vivo Folding

7.88 Lecture Notes /7.88J/5.48J The Protein Folding Problem. Ribosomes and In Vivo Folding 7.88 Lecture Notes - 15 7.24/7.88J/5.48J The Protein Folding Problem Ribosomes and In Vivo Folding A. Ribosomes Ribosomes: Source of all Proteins! In prokaryotes, all ribosomes within cytoplasm; However,

More information

BMB 170 Lecture 13 Nucleic Acids, Nov 7th

BMB 170 Lecture 13 Nucleic Acids, Nov 7th BMB 170 Lecture 13 Nucleic Acids, Nov 7th Chloroplast Ribosome h"p://www.bangroup.ethz.ch/research/nomenclature-of-ribosomal-proteins.html Ban N, Beckmann R, Cate JH, Dinman JD, Dragon F, Ellis SR, Lafontaine

More information

Final Chem 4511/6501 Spring 2011 May 5, 2011 b Name

Final Chem 4511/6501 Spring 2011 May 5, 2011 b Name Key 1) [10 points] In RNA, G commonly forms a wobble pair with U. a) Draw a G-U wobble base pair, include riboses and 5 phosphates. b) Label the major groove and the minor groove. c) Label the atoms of

More information

FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE CONSERVED AMINO ACIDS CYSTEINE 81, ARGININE 279, GLYCINE 280 AND ARGININE 283 IN ELONGATION FACTOR TU FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE CONSERVED AMINO ACIDS CYSTEINE 81, ARGININE 279, GLYCINE 280 AND ARGININE 283 IN ELONGATION FACTOR TU FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE CONSERVED AMINO ACIDS CYSTEINE 81, ARGININE 279, GLYCINE 280 AND ARGININE 283 IN ELONGATION FACTOR TU FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI Fan Mo B. Sc. University of Lethbridge, 2008 A Thesis

More information

Secondary Structure. Bioch/BIMS 503 Lecture 2. Structure and Function of Proteins. Further Reading. Φ, Ψ angles alone determine protein structure

Secondary Structure. Bioch/BIMS 503 Lecture 2. Structure and Function of Proteins. Further Reading. Φ, Ψ angles alone determine protein structure Bioch/BIMS 503 Lecture 2 Structure and Function of Proteins August 28, 2008 Robert Nakamoto rkn3c@virginia.edu 2-0279 Secondary Structure Φ Ψ angles determine protein structure Φ Ψ angles are restricted

More information

9/2/17. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 3. The Cell From Genes to Proteins. key processes

9/2/17. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 3. The Cell From Genes to Proteins. key processes Molecular and Cellular Biology Animal Cell ((eukaryotic cell) -----> compare with prokaryotic cell) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum Nuclear envelope Nucleolus NUCLEUS Chromatin

More information

From gene to protein. Premedical biology

From gene to protein. Premedical biology From gene to protein Premedical biology Central dogma of Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics transcription replication reverse transcription translation DNA RNA Protein RNA chemically similar to DNA,

More information

Supplementary Figure 3 a. Structural comparison between the two determined structures for the IL 23:MA12 complex. The overall RMSD between the two

Supplementary Figure 3 a. Structural comparison between the two determined structures for the IL 23:MA12 complex. The overall RMSD between the two Supplementary Figure 1. Biopanningg and clone enrichment of Alphabody binders against human IL 23. Positive clones in i phage ELISA with optical density (OD) 3 times higher than background are shown for

More information

1. In most cases, genes code for and it is that

1. In most cases, genes code for and it is that Name Chapter 10 Reading Guide From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression Concept 10.1 Genetics Shows That Genes Code for Proteins 1. In most cases, genes code for and it is that determine. 2. Describe what Garrod

More information

Structure and evolution of the spliceosomal peptidyl-prolyl cistrans isomerase Cwc27

Structure and evolution of the spliceosomal peptidyl-prolyl cistrans isomerase Cwc27 Acta Cryst. (2014). D70, doi:10.1107/s1399004714021695 Supporting information Volume 70 (2014) Supporting information for article: Structure and evolution of the spliceosomal peptidyl-prolyl cistrans isomerase

More information

9/11/18. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 3. The Cell From Genes to Proteins. key processes

9/11/18. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 3. The Cell From Genes to Proteins. key processes Molecular and Cellular Biology Animal Cell ((eukaryotic cell) -----> compare with prokaryotic cell) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum Nuclear envelope Nucleolus NUCLEUS Chromatin

More information

Gene regulation II Biochemistry 302. February 27, 2006

Gene regulation II Biochemistry 302. February 27, 2006 Gene regulation II Biochemistry 302 February 27, 2006 Molecular basis of inhibition of RNAP by Lac repressor 35 promoter site 10 promoter site CRP/DNA complex 60 Lewis, M. et al. (1996) Science 271:1247

More information

What is the central dogma of biology?

What is the central dogma of biology? Bellringer What is the central dogma of biology? A. RNA DNA Protein B. DNA Protein Gene C. DNA Gene RNA D. DNA RNA Protein Review of DNA processes Replication (7.1) Transcription(7.2) Translation(7.3)

More information

Major Types of Association of Proteins with Cell Membranes. From Alberts et al

Major Types of Association of Proteins with Cell Membranes. From Alberts et al Major Types of Association of Proteins with Cell Membranes From Alberts et al Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids Peptide Bond Formation Amino Acid central carbon atom to which are attached amino group

More information

Any protein that can be labelled by both procedures must be a transmembrane protein.

Any protein that can be labelled by both procedures must be a transmembrane protein. 1. What kind of experimental evidence would indicate that a protein crosses from one side of the membrane to the other? Regions of polypeptide part exposed on the outside of the membrane can be probed

More information

Model Mélange. Physical Models of Peptides and Proteins

Model Mélange. Physical Models of Peptides and Proteins Model Mélange Physical Models of Peptides and Proteins In the Model Mélange activity, you will visit four different stations each featuring a variety of different physical models of peptides or proteins.

More information

Translation Part 2 of Protein Synthesis

Translation Part 2 of Protein Synthesis Translation Part 2 of Protein Synthesis IN: How is transcription like making a jello mold? (be specific) What process does this diagram represent? A. Mutation B. Replication C.Transcription D.Translation

More information

Midterm Review Guide. Unit 1 : Biochemistry: 1. Give the ph values for an acid and a base. 2. What do buffers do? 3. Define monomer and polymer.

Midterm Review Guide. Unit 1 : Biochemistry: 1. Give the ph values for an acid and a base. 2. What do buffers do? 3. Define monomer and polymer. Midterm Review Guide Name: Unit 1 : Biochemistry: 1. Give the ph values for an acid and a base. 2. What do buffers do? 3. Define monomer and polymer. 4. Fill in the Organic Compounds chart : Elements Monomer

More information

Conformational Variability Experience with Ribosomes

Conformational Variability Experience with Ribosomes onformational Variability Experience with Ribosomes Exploration of reconstruction strategy High-resolution project Use small dataset (50,000) to optimize processing, with the idea to switch to larger dataset

More information

Objective: You will be able to justify the claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features.

Objective: You will be able to justify the claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features. Objective: You will be able to justify the claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features. Do Now: Read Enduring Understanding B Essential knowledge: Organisms share many conserved

More information

Application examples of single particle 3D reconstruction. Ning Gao Tsinghua University

Application examples of single particle 3D reconstruction. Ning Gao Tsinghua University Application examples of single particle 3D reconstruction Ning Gao Tsinghua University ninggao@tsinghua.edu.cn Electron Microscopes First electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1930 s (1986

More information

NMR study of complexes between low molecular mass inhibitors and the West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease

NMR study of complexes between low molecular mass inhibitors and the West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2009 NMR study of complexes between low molecular mass inhibitors and the West Nile

More information

Chapter 4: Amino Acids

Chapter 4: Amino Acids Chapter 4: Amino Acids All peptides and polypeptides are polymers of alpha-amino acids. lipid polysaccharide enzyme 1940s 1980s. Lipids membrane 1960s. Polysaccharide Are energy metabolites and many of

More information

Proteins: Characteristics and Properties of Amino Acids

Proteins: Characteristics and Properties of Amino Acids SBI4U:Biochemistry Macromolecules Eachaminoacidhasatleastoneamineandoneacidfunctionalgroupasthe nameimplies.thedifferentpropertiesresultfromvariationsinthestructuresof differentrgroups.thergroupisoftenreferredtoastheaminoacidsidechain.

More information

Biochemistry Quiz Review 1I. 1. Of the 20 standard amino acids, only is not optically active. The reason is that its side chain.

Biochemistry Quiz Review 1I. 1. Of the 20 standard amino acids, only is not optically active. The reason is that its side chain. Biochemistry Quiz Review 1I A general note: Short answer questions are just that, short. Writing a paragraph filled with every term you can remember from class won t improve your answer just answer clearly,

More information

Central Dogma. DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus. The process of replication creates new copies of DNA.

Central Dogma. DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus. The process of replication creates new copies of DNA. Protein Synthesis Outline Central dogma Genetic code Ribosome Structure and Assembly Mechanics of Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Postranslation modification

More information

Sequential resonance assignments in (small) proteins: homonuclear method 2º structure determination

Sequential resonance assignments in (small) proteins: homonuclear method 2º structure determination Lecture 9 M230 Feigon Sequential resonance assignments in (small) proteins: homonuclear method 2º structure determination Reading resources v Roberts NMR of Macromolecules, Chap 4 by Christina Redfield

More information

7.012 Problem Set 1 Solutions

7.012 Problem Set 1 Solutions ame TA Section 7.012 Problem Set 1 Solutions Your answers to this problem set must be inserted into the large wooden box on wheels outside 68120 by 4:30 PM, Thursday, September 15. Problem sets will not

More information

Amino Acid Side Chain Induced Selectivity in the Hydrolysis of Peptides Catalyzed by a Zr(IV)-Substituted Wells-Dawson Type Polyoxometalate

Amino Acid Side Chain Induced Selectivity in the Hydrolysis of Peptides Catalyzed by a Zr(IV)-Substituted Wells-Dawson Type Polyoxometalate Amino Acid Side Chain Induced Selectivity in the Hydrolysis of Peptides Catalyzed by a Zr(IV)-Substituted Wells-Dawson Type Polyoxometalate Stef Vanhaecht, Gregory Absillis, Tatjana N. Parac-Vogt* Department

More information

Lesson Overview. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 13.2

Lesson Overview. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 13.2 13.2 The Genetic Code The first step in decoding genetic messages is to transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to mrna. This transcribed information contains a code for making proteins. The Genetic

More information

Marshall Nirenberg and the discovery of the Genetic Code

Marshall Nirenberg and the discovery of the Genetic Code Marshall Nirenberg and the discovery of the Genetic Code The Coding Problem Once the function of DNA as the genetic substance was shown by Avery et al in 1944 And once the double helical structure of DNA

More information

Physiochemical Properties of Residues

Physiochemical Properties of Residues Physiochemical Properties of Residues Various Sources C N Cα R Slide 1 Conformational Propensities Conformational Propensity is the frequency in which a residue adopts a given conformation (in a polypeptide)

More information

Supplementary figure 1. Comparison of unbound ogm-csf and ogm-csf as captured in the GIF:GM-CSF complex. Alignment of two copies of unbound ovine

Supplementary figure 1. Comparison of unbound ogm-csf and ogm-csf as captured in the GIF:GM-CSF complex. Alignment of two copies of unbound ovine Supplementary figure 1. Comparison of unbound and as captured in the GIF:GM-CSF complex. Alignment of two copies of unbound ovine GM-CSF (slate) with bound GM-CSF in the GIF:GM-CSF complex (GIF: green,

More information