inhibition of embryonic myogenesis
|
|
- Antony Shepherd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Dermomyotome development and myotome patterning require Tbx6 inhibition of embryonic myogenesis Stefanie E. Windner 1,2, Nathan C. Bird 1, Sara Elizabeth Patterson 1, Rosemarie Doris 1, and Stephen Henri Devoto 1* 1 Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, U.S.A. phone: (860) , Fax: (860) Division of Zoology and Functional Anatomy, Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Contact: Stephen Devoto sdevoto@wesleyan.edu Phone: Fax: Running title: tbx6 and the specification of the dermomyotome 1
2 SUMMARY The progenitors of tissue-restricted stem cells must be prevented from undergoing terminal differentiation during embryogenesis, even while cells around them respond to signaling and differentiate. Paraxial mesoderm specific progenitors are contained within the epithelial region of the somite called the dermomyotome. T-box containing transcription factors regulate many aspects of mesoderm fate including somite patterning. We report that the zebrafish tbx6 ortholog is the fss gene, previously called tbx24. Zebrafish tbx6 is required to prevent premature differentiation of central dermomyotome precursors. Using transgenic zebrafish expressing inducible tbx6, we found that the role of tbx6 in dermomyotome specification is not coincident with its role in segmentation. Our results demonstrate for the first time that a gene required for segmentation is also required for the maintenance of mesoderm progenitor cell identity. HIGHLIGHTS The zebrafish fused somites gene is the tbx6 orthologue. Fss/Tbx6 prevents premature myogenic differentiation. The role of Fss/Tbx6 in segmentation is distinct from its role in dermomyotome. 2
3 INTRODUCTION Vertebrate trunk and limb skeletal muscle derives from the paraxial mesoderm, which also gives rise to the dermis and skeleton of the axial trunk. The subdivision of the paraxial mesoderm into the precursors to these cell types occurs during the segmentation period of embryogenesis, with the appearance of the myotome, the dermomyotome, and the sclerotome. The dermomyotome contains precursors to the embryonic myotome, and to post-embryonic muscle growth and repair. In avians and mammals, the earliest myotome cells differentiate after their incorporation into somites, and at about the same time as the appearance of the dermomyotome [Kahane, 2007 #2899;Denetclaw, 1997 #1535;Venters, 1999 #2855]. In contrast, in most teleosts primary myotome cells differentiate prior to somite formation and prior to the appearance of the dermomyotome [Bone, 1978 #442]. In both amniotes and teleosts, signals from tissues surrounding the somite, including the notochord, spinal cord, and surface ectoderm trigger myogenic differentiation. Much less is known about the initial development of the dermomyotome itself, or about the mechanisms which ensure that the dermomyotome is maintained during early embryogenesis. In zebrafish, dermomyotome precursors can be first identified in the anterior portion of recently formed somites [Stellabotte, 2007 #2882;Hollway, 2007 #2883]. These anterior border cells migrate to the lateral surface of the somite, forming a layer of Pax7-expressing cells on the surface of the myotome, as in other vertebrates [Devoto, 2006 #2737]. The fused somites (fss) gene is required for the expression of anterior half-somite identity and the formation of somites throughout the trunk and tail. fss is a member of the tbx gene family, which encode proteins with a conserved DNA binding motiv known as the T-box. Several tbx family members are important in embryonic mesoderm development. In mice, 3
4 eomesodermin is required for the initial formation of the mesoderm [Showell, 2004 #3086], brachyury is required for notochord and posterior mesoderm development [Showell, 2004 #3086], tbx6 is required for paraxial mesoderm development as well as somite patterning [Chapman, 1998 #2962;White, 2003 #2961], and tbx18 is required for the maintenance of the anterior identity in newly formed somites [Bussen, 2004 #3076]. Tbx proteins are sequencespecific DNA binding proteins which can serve as transcriptional repressors or as activators [Wardle, 2008 #3089]. We identify the fss gene as the zebrafish ortholog of tbx6, and demonstrate that in addition to its requirement for segmentation, it also is required for the development of part of the dermomyotome and myotome. Using transgenic fish with a heat-shock inducible tbx6 gene, in the fss/tbx6 mutant background, we demonstrate that the domain of paraxial mesoderm in which Tbx6 can rescue dermomyotome is broader than the domain of in which Tbx6 can rescue segmentation. We propose that fss/tbx6 is necessary for the prevention premature differentiation of dermomyotome precursors into post-mitotic muscle fibers. 4
5 RESULTS Identification of the zebrafish tbx6 orthologue We have re-examined the homology of the fss gene to other members of the tbx gene family. fss was initially named tbx24 [Nikaido, 2002 #2310], in part because few other teleost tbx gene sequences were available for comparison and the diversity of the tbx6 subfamily was not apparent, and in part because there was a previously cloned zebrafish gene which had been named tbx6 [Hug, 1997 #3092], and in part because no other teleost tbx6 gene sequences were available for comparison. With further sequences available, it is clear that the Fss amino acid sequence is most homologous in its T-domain to the Tbx6 subfamily, nesting alongside Tbx6 proteins of other teleosts, amphibians, lizard, and mammal (Figure 1, see Figure S1 for the cladogram of the entire tree, and Table S1 for list of gene accession numbers). The two nearest subgroups, Mga and Tbx16, also contain zebrafish genes nested with those of other species. The originally named zebrafish Tbx6 falls within the Tbx16 subgroup. Thus, we propose to rename fss/tbx24 to fss/tbx6, and to rename the zebrafish tbx6 to tbx6r. The chromosomal region containing the zebrafish fss gene has numerous genes with paralogs of the same genes present near the tbx6 gene in mouse (34 genes), human (69 genes), and medaka (188 genes) [Catchen, 2009 #3066]. Using the same parameters, the zebrafish gene previously named tbx6 is has no other genes in common with tbx6 in mouse or human. We conclude from this analysis of synteny that the zebrafish orthologue of tbx6 is the fss gene. Tbx6 is required for development of the central dermomyotome To examine the role of Tbx6 in dermomyotome development, we examined the expression of pax3, one of the earliest markers of the dermomyotome [Bober, 1994 #3007;Groves, 2005 #2510]. pax3 is expressed in wild type embryos within cells on the anterior 5
6 and central surface of recently formed somites, and in the dorsal neural tube (Figure 2A). The central domain of early pax3 mrna expression is less distinct in embryos mutant for fss/tbx6, while expression in dorsal and ventral domains is unaffected (Figure 2B). The reduction in pax3 mrna in the central domain is more distinct in the posterior trunk and tail than in the anterior trunk (data not shown). Pax7 antibody labeling confirms the existence of two separate dermomoytome subpopulations during early somite patterning. In the posterior trunk and tail, the dorsal/ventral domain is labeled by Pax7 antibody earlier and independently of tbx6/fss function, while the central domain is identifiable later and is dependent on fss/tbx6 (Figures 2C and 2D). The paraxial mesoderm equivalent to somites 1 to 7 do not show any deficit in the dermomyotome in fss/tbx6 mutant embryos. In these somites, the central domain of Pax7 expression develops at a similar rate in wild type and mutant embryos (Figure 2E and 2F). Expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) is more widespread in fss/tbx6 mutants. In wild type embryos, MRF genes are expressed segmentally, in only the posterior of recently formed somites. We could not detect Myogenin-negative cells in the paraxial mesoderm of fss/tbx6 mutant embryos, suggesting that dermomyotome precursors differentiate prematurely into primary myotome cells (Figures 2G and 2H). The deficit in the central dermomyotome in mutant embryos at the end of the segmentation period (24h) remains regionally restricted and quite pronounced; the central Pax7 + dermomyotome cells are absent in all of the posterior trunk and tail (Figures 3A and 3B), beginning in a region ranging from the equivalent of somite 6 to somite 8 of wild type siblings (n=25). Within the affected region, the loss of Pax7 + cells in the dermomyotome correlates with a significantly higher proportion of myogenic (Mef2+) nuclei [Shinin, 2006 #3010] (Figure 3C, p ). The dorsal/ventral dermomyotome cells are present in mutants in approximately 6
7 normal numbers (Figures 3D and 3E). Tbx6 is required for myotome patterning The premature differentiation of dermomyotome progenitors in fss/tbx6 mutant embryos leads to long term defects in myotome patterning. At 24h, the wild type zebrafish myotome consists of deep fast muscle fibers, covered laterally by a continuous monolayer of slow muscle fibers [Waterman, 1969 #330]. This slow muscle monolayer extends from the lateral surface of the myotome to the notochord, at the position of the future horizontal myoseptum, and separates the fast muscle fibers into a dorsal and a ventral group (Figures 4A-C). In mutant embryos, the myotome is dramatically disrupted in the same region where dermomyotome cells have prematurely differentiated into muscle fibers, the continuity of the slow muscle monolayer is broken, and the central, medial-most slow fibers are not in contact with the superficial slow fibers (Figures 4F-H). Moreover, there are numerous fast muscle fibers superficial to the slow fibers in the central region. These superficial fast fibers can span several segment lengths, have very large cross sectional diameters, and have an unusually large number of nuclei, with several present in transverse sections (arrows, Figures 4D and I). Despite the disrupted myotome patterning, central slow and superficial fast muscle fibers in mutants express Engrailed, like muscle pioneers and lateral fast in wild type embryos (Figures 4E and J). [Hatta, 1991 #1789;Wolff, 2003 #2321]. At 24h, fss/tbx6 mutant embryos have fewer than half the number of dermomyotome cells per section through the posterior trunk (Figure 4K). In wild type embryos, the number of Pax7+ dermomyotome cells decreases from 24h to 48h, as some of the central domain cells differentiate into muscle fibers. In mutant embryos, the number of dermomyotome cells recovers to near wild type levels by 48h, and they are distributed throughout the dorsal ventral extent of the myotome 7
8 (Figure 4L). This suggests the possibility that the dermomyotome is able to regenerate under certain circumstances. The increased number of myonuclei in mutant embryos at 24h (Figure 3C) does not lead to an increased number of muscle fibers, but rather to an increased number of nuclei per fiber in the ectopic fast fibers. (Figure 4M). However, fss/tbx6 mutants show delayed hyperplastic growth: at 48h there are fewer fast muscle fibers in mutants compared to wild type siblings. We presume this reflects the reduced number of myogenic precursor cells, with a 24h delay. At no stage do we see a difference in the number of slow muscle fibers, which at these early developmental stages are not derived from the same population of cells that give rise to the dermomyotome [Devoto, 1996 #2564] (data not shown). Unusually large fast muscle fibers remain in the central domain of the myotome of fss/tbx6 mutants at 72h, and even later into larval stages (data not shown), but new fibers, developing on the outside of the embryonic fast myotome [Rowlerson, 2001 #1842], have diameters similar to those in wild type (Figure 4N). Differential rescue of dermomyotome and segmentation by inducible Tbx6 Regular oscillations in the expression of genes such as her1 in the presomitic mesoderm are an important part of the segmentation process. Tbx6 is required for the maintenance of these oscillations as cells become part of the anterior presomitic mesoderm [Nikaido, 2002 #2310]. This has led to the suggestion that fss/tbx6 may act at the somite determination front, which in zebrafish is 4-5 somite lengths posterior to the most recently formed somite [Sawada, 2001 #2829;Holley, 2002 #2309]. To test whether Tbx6 is required in this same zone of paraxial mesoderm for dermomyotome, we created transgenic fish expressing inducible a heat shock inducible tbx6 gene. We assayed the early response to Tbx6 induction by examining the expression of ripply1 8
9 and fgf8, which are expressed in a Tbx6-dependent manner in the anterior of newly formed somites, and the expression of myod, whose expression is restricted from the anterior of newly formed somites in a Tbx6-dependent manner. We found that a pulse of Tbx6-myc during the segmentation period restored expression of ripply1 and fgf8 in a partly segmented manner, and restored gaps in the myod expression domain (Figure 5). The induced expression of Tbx6 also restored proliferation within the somite of mutant embryos. In wild type embryos during the segmentation period, most proliferative cells are on the surface of the somite, with the highest number at the dorsal and ventral extremes [Barresi, 2001 #1972;Stellabotte, 2007 #2882]. The loss of fss/tbx6 has little effect on proliferation at the dorsal and ventral extremes, but it leads to the complete absence of proliferative cells in the central region (Figure 6A). Pulsed expression of Tbx6 restored proliferative cells in the central region of the somite, consistent with a rescue of the central dermomyotome (Figure 6A). Pulsed expression of Tbx6 rescued the number of dermomyotome cells in mutant embryos. In the in the region of the trunk with maximal numbers of induced Pax7 + cells, the rescue was quantitatively to the levels found in fss/tbx6 heterozygous embryos (Figure 6B). To further characterize the temporal requirement for fss/tbx6, we induced a pulse of Tbx6 expression at varying times during the segmentation period, and monitored both segmentation and the development of the dermomyotome. We found that a Tbx6 pulse rescued the formation of 1 to 3 remarkably normal somites (Figure 6C), along with an 8-10 somite length region of rescued central dermomyotome. The best somite was consistently formed about 6 somitelengths posterior to the somite which would have been forming at the time of heat shock. For example, if we heat shocked a clutch in which the fss heterozygous embryos were at the 10S stage, we consistently observed that fss -/- ;hsp70:tbx6 embryos formed at least one complete 9
10 segment in the region of the embryo equivalent to somite 15 to 16 (Figures 6C-F). This spatial pattern is consistent with a role for Tbx6 in the somite determination front. Pax7 + dermomyotome cells in the central region of the somite were rescued from a region which extended from 1-2 somite lengths posterior to the rescued segment, to about 8 segment lengths anterior to it (Fig. 4c-g). We conclude that the role of Tbx6 in segmentation is at least partially distinct from the role of Tbx6 in dermomyotome development. 10
11 DISCUSSION Our work demonstrates that fss/tbx6 is required for the initial development of the central portion of the dermomyotome in the posterior trunk and tail. The requirement for fss/tbx6 in central dermoyotome development is separate from the requirement for fss/tbx6 in segmentation, as a pulse of fss/tbx6 can rescue dermomyotome without rescuing segmentation. Regionalization of the paraxial mesoderm Our work subdivides the zebrafish dermomyotome into at least two different populations. In the anterior 6-8 somites, of the dermomyotome develops independently of tbx6 function, while in the remainder of the trunk and in the tail, the dermomyotome can be subdivided into a tbx6-independent dorsal and ventral dermomyotome, and a tbx6-dependent central dermomyotome. The segmentation process in the anterior 6-8 somites is genetically distinct from the segmentation process in the more posterior somites [Holley, 2006 #2817;Holley, 2007 #2917]. In fact, fss is the only gene whose mutant does not show a regionally restricted segmentation deficit. Thus it was a surprise to find that the dermomyotome defect in fss is restricted to somites posterior to somites 6-8. This suggests that dermomyotome development, like the segmentation process, is genetically distinct in somites 6-8. The dermomyotome posterior to somite 7 can be subdivided into a dorsal/ventral domain developing independently of tbx6, and a central domain dependent on tbx6. Whether this genetically based subdivision indicates a separate origin or fate of these two populations of dermomyotome cells remains to be determined. The Tbx6 requirement for dermomyotome As paraxial mesoderm cells mature prior to becoming incorporated into somites, they become competent to differentiate into muscle, and many of them do so in response to signals 11
12 from surrounding tissues. The known myogenic regulatory signals are derived from notochord, surface ectoderm, neural tube, and the pronephros; these signals are distributed uniformly along the anterior-posterior axis. We propose that Tbx6 acts as a segmentally distributed inhibitor of primary myogenesis in the anterior presomitic mesoderm, and that this inhibition is required for the development of the dermomyotome (Figure 7). In this model, one role of Tbx6 is to protect the anterior border cells from the wide-spread growth factors which would otherwise trigger their differentiation into primary myotome. Uniform expression of Tbx6 does not prevent myogenesis in the posterior of newly formed somites, suggesting that Tbx6 is not sufficient for this effect. Previous work in zebrafish and xenopus indicates that Tbx6 is transformed from an activator to a repressor of transcription, by the Ripply protein. Ripply is a Tbx6-interacting protein which recruits members of the Groucho family of Histone de-acetylases, and converts Tbx6 from an activator to a repressor. In zebrafish, Ripply is expressed in the anterior of future somites; raising the possibility that Ripply is a necessary co-factor for the effect of Tbx6 in dermomyotome development. Evolutionary Divergence of tbx6 Orthologous genes in zebrafish and mouse usually carry out similar functions, reflecting the role of the gene in the last common ancester of these two species. Thus, it is surprising that the loss of tbx6 function causes distinct phenotypes in mouse and zebrafish. Wherease in zebrafish it leads to the loss of segmentation and the central dermomyotome, in mouse it leads to the development of an enlarged tailbud, the transformation of paraxial mesoderm into neural tube, and the loss of laterality in the node [Hadjantonakis, 2008 #3096; Chapman, 1998 #2962]. The zebrafish spt/tbx16 gene is expressed earlier in the maturation of the presomitic mesoderm, and when mutant leads to the development of an enlarged tailbud and the loss of 12
13 laterality in zebrafish equivalent of the node [Ho, 1990 #1452; Gourronc, 2007 #3095], phenotypes with similarity to the mouse tbx6 knockout phenotypes. Although the tbx16 gene is present in non-mammalian tetrapods, it has apparently been lost in mammals (Figure 1). If tbx6 in mammals has acquired the combined functions of the tbx6 and tbx16 genes, then the loss of tbx6 would lead to a more severe phenotype in mouse than in zebrafish. Consistent with this interpretation, partial loss of tbx6 in mouse has similar consequences to the complete loss of tbx6 in zebrafish a disruption of segmentation. In particular, partial loss of tbx6 leads to the loss of anterior somite compartment identity, as indicated by the expression of tbx18 [White, 2003 #2961], and the appearance of fused ribs and vertebrae. The development of the dermomyotome has not been examined in mouse embryos mutant for tbx6. 13
14 FIGURES AND LEGENDS Figure 1. Cladogram of Tbx6, Tbx16 and MGA members of the Tbx protein family. Tree is an internal branch taken from a neighbor-joining tree of the Tbx family of proteins based solely on their T-Box domain. Numbers represent bootstrap values (100 replications, values >50 shown). Sequence alignment using ClustalX 2.0 [Larkin, 2007 #3069], and tree building using SeaView [Gouy, 2010 #3094]. Note that zebrafish Fss/tbx6 (red) nests within the tbx6 clade. 14
15 Figure 2. Tbx6 prevents myogenic differentiation of central dermomyotome precursors during segmentation stages. (A, B) pax3 expression in heterozygote (A) and fss/tbx6 mutant (B) at 15-16S stage (insets show higher magnification). Segmented pax3 expression in the central trunk is disrupted in mutant embryos. (C, D) Pax7 (green) and MF20 (red, Myosin Heavy Chain) expression in heterozygote (c) and fss/tbx6 (d) embryos at 20S stage (insets show higher magnification). In the posterior trunk Pax7 is initialized in cells of the dorsal and ventral dermomyotome; central Pax7 expression is 15
16 delayed in heterozygote (C), but absent in fss/tbx6 mutant (D). (E-H) Pax7 (green), Myogenin (red, Mgn), and MF20 (white) expression in the anterior trunk (E, G) and on optical horizontal sections through the posterior trunk (F, H) of heterozygote (E, F) and fss/tbx6 mutant (G, H) at 13-14S stage. Heterozygote embryos express all three markers within distinct compartments of the somites (dashed lines in F). In fss/tbx6 mutants, Pax7 expressing central dermomyotome cells are restricted to the anterior trunk; the central posterior trunk shows more cells expressing Myogenin. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, E, F), 100 µm (C). Figure 3. Tbx6 is required for the central dermomyotome of the posterior trunk and tail. (A, B) Tracing of Pax7 + dermomyotome nuclei in representative 24h wt (A) and fss/tbx6 (B) embryos. Note that the central dermomyotome deficit/defect in fss/tbx6 mutants starts at trunk levels correlating to somite 7 in wt (dashed line). Insets show Pax7 + (green) and myogenic Mef2 + (red) cells at anal vent level. (C) Graph showing average of Pax7 +, Mef2 + and differentiating (Pax7 + /Mef2 + ) cells (±SEM) on sections at anal vent level in heterozygote and fss/tbx6 mutant. (D, E) Cross-sections and graphs showing dorsal-ventral (DV) distribution of dermomyotome (average of Pax7 + cells ± SEM) and % differentiating dermomyotome (Pax7 + /Mef2 + ) in heterozygote and fss/tbx6 mutant (green, Pax7; red, Mef2; blue, Hoechst 33258). Scale bars: 100 µm (a), 50 µm (d). 16
17 Figure 4. Premature precursor differentiation disrupts myotome patterning but not muscle growth. (A-J) Myotome morphology in heterozygote (A-E) and fss/tbx6 (F-J) at 24h. (A, F) Tracing of fast (white) and slow (red) muscle fibers on representative cross-sections. In fss/tbx6 mutants, the layer of slow fibers is disrupted and large fast muscle fibers are found lateral to the slow fibers in the central myotome. (B, C, G, H) Whole mounts (posterior trunk) and cross-sections labeled with F59 (red, labels Slow Myosin Heavy Chain at 24h), Mef2 (aqua) and MF20 (white). (D, E, I, J) β-catenin labeled cross-sections double-labeled for either Pax7 (green, D, J) or 4D9 (red, engrailed, E, J); nuclei labeled with Hoechst (insets show higher magnifications). (K) Mean number of Pax7+ cells (±SEM) over time. (L) Tracing of Pax7 + dermomyotome nuclei in representative transverse section of heterozygote (left) and fss/tbx6 mutant (right) at 48h. (M) Graph showing mean number of slow and fast muscle fibers over time (± SEM). (N) Cross-sections showing myotome morphology (β-catenin) at 72h. Scale bars: 50 µm. 17
18 Figure 5. A pulse of Tbx6 expression in fss/tbx6 mutants induces segmental expression of ripply1 and fgf8, and locally represses myod. Panels showing expression of genes expressed specifically in the anterior (ripply1, fgf8) and posterior (myod) somite compartments in non-tg and tg(hsp70:tbx6) heterozygote and fss/tbx6 mutant. Embryos were heat shocked at 9-10S stage, fixed at 13-14S (myod) and 15-16S stage (ripply1, fgf8), and flat-mounted for documentation. Scale bar: 50 µm. 18
19 Figure 6. Induced Tbx6 expression differentially rescues central dermomyotome and segmentation. (A) Distribution of proliferative (ph3+) cells in non-tg and tg(hsp70:tbx6) heterozygote and fss/tbx6 mutant embryos 8 hours after heat-shocking at 8S. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (B) Graph showing number of Pax7+ cells in non-tg and tg(hsp70:tbx6) heterozygote and fss/tbx6 mutant embryos at 10 hours after heat-shocking at 10S. (C) Schematic showing the location of rescued dermomyotome (light green), segments (dark green) in individual embryos after heat shocks at various times (orange). Note that a Tbx6 pulse rescues the formation of 1-3 somite boundaries and central dermomyotome over a more extensive 8-10 somite lengths. (D-F) Rescue of dermomyotome and segmentation in fss/tbx6 mutant tg(hsp70:tbx6) visualized using F59 (red) and MF20 (white) (D) and Pax7 (green) and Mef2 (white) (E) labeling, and DIC imaging (F). Specimen stages are 5d (D, F) and 24h (E), rescued segments are numbered according to the corresponding region in wild-type siblings. Scale bars: 100 µm (D, E), 50 µm (F) 19
20 Figure 7. Schematic representation of Tbx6 function. 20
21 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was carried out as previously described [Barresi, 2000 #1988]. Embryos in Figures 1e and f are shown anterior to the top. All other embryos are shown dorsal to the top, and for whole mount labeling, anterior to the left. Imaging of whole mount labeling was with a Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope, individual optical sections were flattened for each image, except for Figure 1e and f, which show single optical sections. Black and white were inverted in Fig. 3n for clarity of presentation. Tracings of individual labeled nuclei (Figures 2a, 2b, and 3f) were done on computer projections. Zebrafish, transgenesis, and heat shock. All experiments were done on zebrafish from the Wesleyan University strain of wild type fish, and the te314a allele of fss/tbx6, which behaves as a null [Nikaido, 2002 #2310]. Embryos were cared for using standard procedures [Westerfield, 1995 #745]. The full open reading frame of zebrafish tbx6 was amplified by PCR from a cdna kindly provided by Scott Holley, with Gateway recombination sites added at each end. The PCR product was recombined into the donor vector pdonr221 to make the plasmid pme-tbx6. pme-tbx6 was recombined with the 5 entry clone containing the zebrafish hsp70promoter (p5e-hsp70), and with the 3 entry clone containing 6x myc tag plus the SV40 late poly adenylation signal (p3e-mtpa), and a destination vector with tol2 sites and egfp under the control of the cardiac myosin light chain 2 promoter (pdesttol2cg2). The resulting plasmid (RAD510) is hsp70-tbx6-myc. We also recombined pme-tbx6 with p5e-hsp70, a 3 entry clone containing cherry (p3emcherry), and (pdesttol2cg2. This resulting plasmid (RAD521) is hsp70-tbx6-cherry. Single cell fss/tbx6 mutant embryos were injected with hsp70-tbx6-myc or hsp70-tbx6- cherry and tol2 mrna, and grown to adulthood. A founder was identified on the basis of cardiac egfp expression in its offspring. These offspring were raised to adulthood and outcrossed to fss/tbx6 homozygous mutants. All crosses generated 50% transgenic embryos, suggesting the presence of only one transgene insertion. All of the shown experiments were done on the v8 allele of tg(hsp70:tbx6-myc), but we obtained qualitatively similar resuts using tg(hsp70:tbx6-cherry), the allele we used is v7. Embryos were heat shocked at the indicated time by transferring them in small meshbottom wells to embryo medium pre-warmed to 37º for one hour. 21
Biology 218, practise Exam 2, 2011
Figure 3 The long-range effect of Sqt does not depend on the induction of the endogenous cyc or sqt genes. a, Design and predictions for the experiments shown in b-e. b-e, Single-cell injection of 4 pg
More informationNature Neuroscience: doi: /nn.2662
Supplementary Figure 1 Atlastin phylogeny and homology. (a) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 18 Atlastin-1 sequences using the program Quicktree. Numbers at internal nodes correspond to bootstrap
More informationLife Sciences For NET & SLET Exams Of UGC-CSIR. Section B and C. Volume-08. Contents A. BASIC CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT 1
Section B and C Volume-08 Contents 5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY A. BASIC CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT 1 B. GAMETOGENESIS, FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT 23 C. MORPHOGENESIS AND ORGANOGENESIS IN ANIMALS 91 0
More information2/23/09. Regional differentiation of mesoderm. Morphological changes at early postgastrulation. Segments organize the body plan during embryogenesis
Regional differentiation of mesoderm Axial Paraxial Intermediate Somatic Splanchnic Chick embryo Morphological changes at early postgastrulation stages Segments organize the body plan during embryogenesis
More informationQuestion Set # 4 Answer Key 7.22 Nov. 2002
Question Set # 4 Answer Key 7.22 Nov. 2002 1) A variety of reagents and approaches are frequently used by developmental biologists to understand the tissue interactions and molecular signaling pathways
More informationSupplementary Figure 1: Mechanism of Lbx2 action on the Wnt/ -catenin signalling pathway. (a) The Wnt/ -catenin signalling pathway and its
Supplementary Figure 1: Mechanism of Lbx2 action on the Wnt/ -catenin signalling pathway. (a) The Wnt/ -catenin signalling pathway and its transcriptional activity in wild-type embryo. A gradient of canonical
More informationParaxial and Intermediate Mesoderm
Biology 4361 Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm December 6, 2007 Mesoderm Formation Chick Major Mesoderm Lineages Mesodermal subdivisions are specified along a mediolateral axis by increasing amounts of
More informationDevelopmental Biology Lecture Outlines
Developmental Biology Lecture Outlines Lecture 01: Introduction Course content Developmental Biology Obsolete hypotheses Current theory Lecture 02: Gametogenesis Spermatozoa Spermatozoon function Spermatozoon
More informationInteractions between muscle fibers and segment boundaries in zebrafish
Developmental Biology 287 (2005) 346 360 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio Interactions between muscle fibers and segment boundaries in zebrafish Clarissa A. Henry a,1, Ian M. McNulty b, Wendy A. Durst a,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature11589 Supplementary Figure 1 Ciona intestinalis and Petromyzon marinus neural crest expression domain comparison. Cartoon shows dorsal views of Ciona mid gastrula (left) and Petromyzon
More informationSegment boundary formation in Drosophila embryos
Segment boundary formation in Drosophila embryos Development 130, August 2003 Camilla W. Larsen, Elizabeth Hirst, Cyrille Alexandre and Jean Paul Vincent 1. Introduction: - Segment boundary formation:
More informationRole of Organizer Chages in Late Frog Embryos
Ectoderm Germ Layer Frog Fate Map Frog Fate Map Role of Organizer Chages in Late Frog Embryos Organizer forms three distinct regions Notochord formation in chick Beta-catenin localization How does beta-catenin
More informationDevelopmental Biology 3230 Midterm Exam 1 March 2006
Name Developmental Biology 3230 Midterm Exam 1 March 2006 1. (20pts) Regeneration occurs to some degree to most metazoans. When you remove the head of a hydra a new one regenerates. Graph the inhibitor
More information1. What are the three general areas of the developing vertebrate limb? 2. What embryonic regions contribute to the developing limb bud?
Study Questions - Lecture 17 & 18 1. What are the three general areas of the developing vertebrate limb? The three general areas of the developing vertebrate limb are the proximal stylopod, zeugopod, and
More informationDynamic Somite Cell Rearrangements Lead to Distinct Waves of Myotome Growth
Wesleyan University WesScholar Faculty Scholarship Biology 2007 Dynamic Somite Cell Rearrangements Lead to Distinct Waves of Myotome Growth F. Stellabotte B. Dobbs-McAuliffe D. A. Fernandez X. Feng Stephen
More informationHedgehog Acts Directly on the Zebrafish Dermomyotome to Promote Myogenic Differentiation
Wesleyan University WesScholar Division III Faculty Publications Natural Sciences and Mathematics 8-30-2006 Hedgehog Acts Directly on the Zebrafish Dermomyotome to Promote Myogenic Differentiation Stephen
More informationUnit 4 Evaluation Question 1:
Name: Unit 4 Evaluation Question 1: /7 points A naturally occurring dominant mutant in mice is the Doublefoot (Dbf) mutant. Below is an image of the bones from a wildtype (wt) and Doublefoot mutant mouse.
More informationSupplementary Materials for
www.sciencesignaling.org/cgi/content/full/6/301/ra98/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Regulation of Epithelial Morphogenesis by the G Protein Coupled Receptor Mist and Its Ligand Fog Alyssa J. Manning,
More information10/15/09. Tetrapod Limb Development & Pattern Formation. Developing limb region is an example of a morphogenetic field
Tetrapod Limb Development & Pattern Formation Figure 16.5(1) Limb Bud Formation derived from lateral plate (somatic) & paraxial (myotome) Fig. 16.2 Prospective Forelimb Field of Salamander Ambystoma maculatum
More informationParaxial and Intermediate Mesoderm
Biology 4361 Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm December 7, 2006 Major Mesoderm Lineages Mesodermal subdivisions are specified along a mediolateral axis by increasing amounts of BMPs more lateral mesoderm
More informationMorphogenesis and specification of the muscle lineage during Xenopus laevis embryo development. Armbien F. Sabillo
Morphogenesis and specification of the muscle lineage during Xenopus laevis embryo development by Armbien F. Sabillo A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree
More informationParaxial and Intermediate Mesoderm
Biology 4361 Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm December 6, 2007 Mesoderm Formation Chick Major Mesoderm Lineages Mesodermal subdivisions are specified along a mediolateral axis by increasing amounts of
More informationNeural development its all connected
Neural development its all connected How do you build a complex nervous system? How do you build a complex nervous system? 1. Learn how tissue is instructed to become nervous system. Neural induction 2.
More informationChapter 18 Lecture. Concepts of Genetics. Tenth Edition. Developmental Genetics
Chapter 18 Lecture Concepts of Genetics Tenth Edition Developmental Genetics Chapter Contents 18.1 Differentiated States Develop from Coordinated Programs of Gene Expression 18.2 Evolutionary Conservation
More informationResults and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Series Editor: Hennig
Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation Series Editor: w. 38 Hennig Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Beate Brand-Saberi (Ed.) Vertebrate Myogenesis With 31 Figures Springer Professor Dr. Beate
More informationMesoderm Development
Quiz rules: Spread out across available tables No phones, text books, or (lecture) notes on your desks No consultation with your colleagues No websites open other than the Quiz page No screen snap shots
More informationUC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Morphogenesis and Cell Fate Determination within the Adaxial Cell Equivalence Group of the Zebrafish Myotome Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9921353k
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:1.138/nature1237 a b retinol retinal RA OH RDH (retinol dehydrogenase) O H Raldh2 O R/R.6.4.2 (retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2) RA retinal retinol..1.1 1 Concentration (nm)
More informationSonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling in the rabbit embryo
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling in the rabbit embryo In the first part of this thesis work the physical properties of cilia-driven leftward flow were characterised in the rabbit embryo. Since its discovery
More informationMOLECULAR CONTROL OF EMBRYONIC PATTERN FORMATION
MOLECULAR CONTROL OF EMBRYONIC PATTERN FORMATION Drosophila is the best understood of all developmental systems, especially at the genetic level, and although it is an invertebrate it has had an enormous
More informationWhy Flies? stages of embryogenesis. The Fly in History
The Fly in History 1859 Darwin 1866 Mendel c. 1890 Driesch, Roux (experimental embryology) 1900 rediscovery of Mendel (birth of genetics) 1910 first mutant (white) (Morgan) 1913 first genetic map (Sturtevant
More information18.4 Embryonic development involves cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis
18.4 Embryonic development involves cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis An organism arises from a fertilized egg cell as the result of three interrelated processes: cell division, cell
More informationComparison of the expression patterns of several sox genes between Oryzias latipes and Danio rerio
Urun 1 Comparison of the expression patterns of several sox genes between Oryzias latipes and Danio rerio Fatma Rabia URUN ilkent University, nkara - TURKEY High mobility group domain containing transcription
More informationMidterm 1. Average score: 74.4 Median score: 77
Midterm 1 Average score: 74.4 Median score: 77 NAME: TA (circle one) Jody Westbrook or Jessica Piel Section (circle one) Tue Wed Thur MCB 141 First Midterm Feb. 21, 2008 Only answer 4 of these 5 problems.
More informationQuestions in developmental biology. Differentiation Morphogenesis Growth/apoptosis Reproduction Evolution Environmental integration
Questions in developmental biology Differentiation Morphogenesis Growth/apoptosis Reproduction Evolution Environmental integration Representative cell types of a vertebrate zygote => embryo => adult differentiation
More informationSIGNIFICANCE OF EMBRYOLOGY
This lecture will discuss the following topics : Definition of Embryology Significance of Embryology Old and New Frontiers Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling Descriptive terms in Embryology
More informationMesoderm Induction CBT, 2018 Hand-out CBT March 2018
Mesoderm Induction CBT, 2018 Hand-out CBT March 2018 Introduction 3. Books This module is based on the following books: - 'Principles of Developement', Lewis Wolpert, et al., fifth edition, 2015 - 'Developmental
More informationAxis Specification in Drosophila
Developmental Biology Biology 4361 Axis Specification in Drosophila November 2, 2006 Axis Specification in Drosophila Fertilization Superficial cleavage Gastrulation Drosophila body plan Oocyte formation
More informationControl of Gene Expression
Control of Gene Expression Mechanisms of Gene Control Gene Control in Eukaryotes Master Genes Gene Control In Prokaryotes Epigenetics Gene Expression The overall process by which information flows from
More informationParaxial and Intermediate Mesoderm
Biology 4361 Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm July 28, 2008 Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm Overview Development of major mesodermal lineages Somites: formation specification and differentiation Mesodermal
More informationpresumptiv e germ layers during Gastrulatio n and neurulation Somites
Vertebrate embryos are similar at the phylotypic stage Patterning the Vertebrate Body Plan II: Mesoderm & Early Nervous System Wolpert L, Beddington R, Jessell T, Lawrence P, Meyerowitz E, Smith J. (2001)
More informationFig. S1. Proliferation and cell cycle exit are affected by the med mutation. (A,B) M-phase nuclei are visualized by a-ph3 labeling in wild-type (A)
Fig. S1. Proliferation and cell cycle exit are affected by the med mutation. (A,B) M-phase nuclei are visualized by a-ph3 labeling in wild-type (A) and mutant (B) 4 dpf retinae. The central retina of the
More informationDevelopmental genetics: finding the genes that regulate development
Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Lecture 9 Developmental genetics: finding the genes that regulate development Introduction The application of genetic analysis and DNA technology to the study of
More informationpurpose of this Chapter is to highlight some problems that will likely provide new
119 Chapter 6 Future Directions Besides our contributions discussed in previous chapters to the problem of developmental pattern formation, this work has also brought new questions that remain unanswered.
More informationExam 1 ID#: October 4, 2007
Biology 4361 Name: KEY Exam 1 ID#: October 4, 2007 Multiple choice (one point each) (1-25) 1. The process of cells forming tissues and organs is called a. morphogenesis. b. differentiation. c. allometry.
More informationAxis Specification in Drosophila
Developmental Biology Biology 4361 Axis Specification in Drosophila July 9, 2008 Drosophila Development Overview Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Drosophila body plan Oocyte formation Genetic control
More informationName. Biology Developmental Biology Winter Quarter 2013 KEY. Midterm 3
Name 100 Total Points Open Book Biology 411 - Developmental Biology Winter Quarter 2013 KEY Midterm 3 Read the Following Instructions: * Answer 20 questions (5 points each) out of the available 25 questions
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Fig. S1: Normal development and organization of the embryonic ventral nerve cord in Platynereis. (A) Life cycle of Platynereis dumerilii. (B-F) Axonal scaffolds and
More information9/4/2015 INDUCTION CHAPTER 1. Neurons are similar across phyla Thus, many different model systems are used in developmental neurobiology. Fig 1.
INDUCTION CHAPTER 1 Neurons are similar across phyla Thus, many different model systems are used in developmental neurobiology Fig 1.1 1 EVOLUTION OF METAZOAN BRAINS GASTRULATION MAKING THE 3 RD GERM LAYER
More informationName KEY. Biology Developmental Biology Winter Quarter Midterm 3 KEY
Name KEY 100 Total Points Open Book Biology 411 - Developmental Biology Winter Quarter 2009 Midterm 3 KEY All of the 25 multi-choice questions are single-answer. Choose the best answer. (4 pts each) Place
More informationDynamic somite cell rearrangements lead to distinct waves of myotome growth
RESEARCH REPORT 1253 Development 134, 1253-1257 (2007) doi:10.1242/dev.000067 Dynamic somite cell rearrangements lead to distinct waves of myotome growth Frank Stellabotte, Betsy Dobbs-McAuliffe, Daniel
More informationIdentification of separate slow and fast muscle precursor cells in vivo, prior to somite formation
Development 122, 3371-3380 (1996) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV9467 3371 Identification of separate slow and fast muscle precursor cells in vivo, prior to somite formation
More information!!!!!!!! DB3230 Midterm 2 12/13/2013 Name:
1. (10 pts) Draw or describe the fate map of a late blastula stage sea urchin embryo. Draw or describe the corresponding fate map of the pluteus stage larva. Describe the sequence of gastrulation events
More informationAxis Specification in Drosophila
Developmental Biology Biology 4361 Axis Specification in Drosophila November 6, 2007 Axis Specification in Drosophila Fertilization Superficial cleavage Gastrulation Drosophila body plan Oocyte formation
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
med!1,2 Wild-type (N2) end!3 elt!2 5 1 15 Time (minutes) 5 1 15 Time (minutes) med!1,2 end!3 5 1 15 Time (minutes) elt!2 5 1 15 Time (minutes) Supplementary Figure 1: Number of med-1,2, end-3, end-1 and
More informationDevelopmental processes Differential gene expression Introduction to determination The model organisms used to study developmental processes
Date Title Topic(s) Learning Outcomes: Sept 28 Oct 3 1. What is developmental biology and why should we care? 2. What is so special about stem cells and gametes? Developmental processes Differential gene
More information3/8/ Complex adaptations. 2. often a novel trait
Chapter 10 Adaptation: from genes to traits p. 302 10.1 Cascades of Genes (p. 304) 1. Complex adaptations A. Coexpressed traits selected for a common function, 2. often a novel trait A. not inherited from
More informationChapter 4 Evaluating a potential interaction between deltex and git in Drosophila: genetic interaction, gene overexpression and cell biology assays.
Evaluating a potential interaction between deltex and git in Drosophila: genetic interaction, gene overexpression and cell biology assays. The data described in chapter 3 presented evidence that endogenous
More informationHomeotic Genes and Body Patterns
Homeotic Genes and Body Patterns Every organism has a unique body pattern. Although specialized body structures, such as arms and legs, may be similar in makeup (both are made of muscle and bone), their
More informationUnicellular: Cells change function in response to a temporal plan, such as the cell cycle.
Spatial organization is a key difference between unicellular organisms and metazoans Unicellular: Cells change function in response to a temporal plan, such as the cell cycle. Cells differentiate as a
More informationSomite Development in Zebrafish
Wesleyan University WesScholar Division III Faculty Publications Natural Sciences and Mathematics 2000 Somite Development in Zebrafish Stephen Devoto Wesleyan University, sdevoto@wesleyan.edu Follow this
More informationBi 117 Final (60 pts) DUE by 11:00 am on March 15, 2012 Box by Beckman Institute B9 or to a TA
Bi 117 Final (60 pts) DUE by 11:00 am on March 15, 2012 Box by Beckman Institute B9 or to a TA Instructor: Marianne Bronner Exam Length: 6 hours plus one 30-minute break at your discretion. It should take
More informationPRACTICE EXAM. 20 pts: 1. With the aid of a diagram, indicate how initial dorsal-ventral polarity is created in fruit fly and frog embryos.
PRACTICE EXAM 20 pts: 1. With the aid of a diagram, indicate how initial dorsal-ventral polarity is created in fruit fly and frog embryos. No Low [] Fly Embryo Embryo Non-neural Genes Neuroectoderm Genes
More informationNature Biotechnology: doi: /nbt Supplementary Figure 1. Overexpression of YFP::GPR-1 in the germline.
Supplementary Figure 1 Overexpression of YFP::GPR-1 in the germline. The pie-1 promoter and 3 utr were used to express yfp::gpr-1 in the germline. Expression levels from the yfp::gpr-1(cai 1.0)-expressing
More informationChapter 10 Development and Differentiation
Part III Organization of Cell Populations Chapter Since ancient times, people have wondered how organisms are formed during the developmental process, and many researchers have worked tirelessly in search
More informationLimb Development Involving the development of the appendicular skeleton and muscles
Limb Development Involving the development of the appendicular skeleton and muscles 1 Objectives Timing and location of limb bud development The tissues from which limb buds are made Determining the position
More informationOrigin of muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo
AND STEM CELLS RESEARCH ARTICLE 821 Development 138, 821-830 (2011) doi:10.1242/dev.056481 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Origin of muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo Randall
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng Supplementary Figure 1. The phenotypes of PI , BR121, and Harosoy under short-day conditions.
Supplementary Figure 1 The phenotypes of PI 159925, BR121, and Harosoy under short-day conditions. (a) Plant height. (b) Number of branches. (c) Average internode length. (d) Number of nodes. (e) Pods
More informationIntravital Imaging Reveals Ghost Fibers as Architectural Units Guiding Myogenic Progenitors during Regeneration
Cell Stem Cell Supplemental Information Intravital Imaging Reveals Ghost Fibers as Architectural Units Guiding Myogenic Progenitors during Regeneration Micah T. Webster, Uri Manor, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz,
More informationGrowth in the Larval Zebrafish Pectoral Fin and Trunk Musculature
Wesleyan University WesScholar Division III Faculty Publications Natural Sciences and Mathematics 10-26-2007 Growth in the Larval Zebrafish Pectoral Fin and Trunk Musculature Stephen Devoto Wesleyan University,
More informationDOI: 10.1038/ncb2819 Gαi3 / Actin / Acetylated Tubulin Gαi3 / Actin / Acetylated Tubulin a a Gαi3 a Actin Gαi3 WT Gαi3 WT Gαi3 WT b b Gαi3 b Actin Gαi3 KO Gαi3 KO Gαi3 KO # # Figure S1 Loss of protein
More informationMaternal Control of GermLayer Formation in Xenopus
Maternal Control of GermLayer Formation in Xenopus The zygotic genome is activated at the mid-blastula transition mid-blastula fertilized egg Xenopus gastrulae early-gastrula 7 hrs 10 hrs control not VP
More information10/2/2015. Chapter 4. Determination and Differentiation. Neuroanatomical Diversity
Chapter 4 Determination and Differentiation Neuroanatomical Diversity 1 Neurochemical diversity: another important aspect of neuronal fate Neurotransmitters and their receptors Excitatory Glutamate Acetylcholine
More informationTHE MAKING OF THE SOMITE: MOLECULAR EVENTS IN VERTEBRATE SEGMENTATION. Yumiko Saga* and Hiroyuki Takeda
THE MAKING OF THE SOMITE: MOLECULAR EVENTS IN VERTEBRATE SEGMENTATION Yumiko Saga* and Hiroyuki Takeda The reiterated structures of the vertebrate axial skeleton, spinal nervous system and body muscle
More informationNitza Kahane, Yuval Cinnamon, Ido Bachelet and Chaya Kalcheim* SUMMARY
Development 128, 2187-2198 (2001) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV1674 2187 The third wave of myotome colonization by mitotically competent progenitors: regulating the
More informationSmooth muscle of the dorsal aorta shares a common clonal origin with skeletal muscle of the myotome
RESEARCH ARTICLE 3 Development 133, 3-49 doi:10.1242/dev.02226 Smooth muscle of the dorsal aorta shares a common clonal origin with skeletal muscle of the myotome Milan Esner 1, Sigolène M. Meilhac 1,,
More informationCellular Neurobiology BIPN 140 Fall 2016 Problem Set #8
Cellular Neurobiology BIPN 140 Fall 2016 Problem Set #8 1. Inductive signaling is a hallmark of vertebrate and mammalian development. In early neural development, there are multiple signaling pathways
More informationLecture 7. Development of the Fruit Fly Drosophila
BIOLOGY 205/SECTION 7 DEVELOPMENT- LILJEGREN Lecture 7 Development of the Fruit Fly Drosophila 1. The fruit fly- a highly successful, specialized organism a. Quick life cycle includes three larval stages
More informationThe Teleost Dermomyotome
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 236:2432 2443, 2007 SPECIAL ISSUE REVIEWS A PEER REVIEWED FORUM The Teleost Dermomyotome Frank Stellabotte and Stephen H. Devoto* Recent work in teleosts has renewed interest in
More informationParaxial mesoderm specifies zebrafish primary motoneuron subtype identity
Research article 891 Paraxial mesoderm specifies zebrafish primary motoneuron subtype identity Katharine E. Lewis* and Judith S. Eisen Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403,
More informationMCDB 4777/5777 Molecular Neurobiology Lecture 29 Neural Development- In the beginning
MCDB 4777/5777 Molecular Neurobiology Lecture 29 Neural Development- In the beginning Learning Goals for Lecture 29 4.1 Describe the contributions of early developmental events in the embryo to the formation
More informationMBios 401/501: Lecture 14.2 Cell Differentiation I. Slide #1. Cell Differentiation
MBios 401/501: Lecture 14.2 Cell Differentiation I Slide #1 Cell Differentiation Cell Differentiation I -Basic principles of differentiation (p1305-1320) -C-elegans (p1321-1327) Cell Differentiation II
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Markedly decreased numbers of marginal zone B cells in DOCK8 mutant mice Supplementary Figure 2.
Supplementary Figure 1. Markedly decreased numbers of marginal zone B cells in DOCK8 mutant mice. Percentage of marginal zone B cells in the spleen of wild-type mice (+/+), mice homozygous for cpm or pri
More informationRevision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11
Revision Based on Chapter 25 Grade 11 Biology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
More informationLecture 10: Cyclins, cyclin kinases and cell division
Chem*3560 Lecture 10: Cyclins, cyclin kinases and cell division The eukaryotic cell cycle Actively growing mammalian cells divide roughly every 24 hours, and follow a precise sequence of events know as
More information7.013 Problem Set
7.013 Problem Set 5-2013 Question 1 During a summer hike you suddenly spot a huge grizzly bear. This emergency situation triggers a fight or flight response through a signaling pathway as shown below.
More informationCell-Cell Communication in Development
Biology 4361 - Developmental Biology Cell-Cell Communication in Development October 2, 2007 Cell-Cell Communication - Topics Induction and competence Paracrine factors inducer molecules Signal transduction
More informationUNIVERSITY OF YORK BIOLOGY. Developmental Biology
Examination Candidate Number: UNIVERSITY OF YORK BSc Stage 2 Degree Examinations 2017-18 Department: BIOLOGY Title of Exam: Developmental Biology Desk Number: Time allowed: 1 hour and 30 minutes Total
More informationGene Duplication of the Zebrafish kit ligand and Partitioning of Melanocyte Development Functions to kit ligand a
Gene Duplication of the Zebrafish kit ligand and Partitioning of Melanocyte Development Functions to kit ligand a Keith A. Hultman 1, Nathan Bahary 2, Leonard I. Zon 3,4, Stephen L. Johnson 1* 1 Department
More informationDIFFERENTIATION MORPHOGENESIS GROWTH HOW CAN AN IDENTICAL SET OF GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS PRODUCE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS?
DIFFERENTIATION HOW CAN AN IDENTICAL SET OF GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS PRODUCE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS? MORPHOGENESIS HOW CAN CELLS FORM ORDERED STRUCTURES? GROWTH HOW DO OUR CELLS KNOW WHEN TO STOP DIVIDING
More informationBIS &003 Answers to Assigned Problems May 23, Week /18.6 How would you distinguish between an enhancer and a promoter?
Week 9 Study Questions from the textbook: 6 th Edition: Chapter 19-19.6, 19.7, 19.15, 19.17 OR 7 th Edition: Chapter 18-18.6 18.7, 18.15, 18.17 19.6/18.6 How would you distinguish between an enhancer and
More informationTranscript: Introduction to Limb Development
Limbs undeniably give us the greatest ability to do things. Our legs provide us with the locomotion to move. Whether for running, climbing or swimming through the water, our limbs help us to traverse sometimes
More informationBILD7: Problem Set. 2. What did Chargaff discover and why was this important?
BILD7: Problem Set 1. What is the general structure of DNA? 2. What did Chargaff discover and why was this important? 3. What was the major contribution of Rosalind Franklin? 4. How did solving the structure
More informationCaenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans Why C. elegans? Sea urchins have told us much about embryogenesis. They are suited well for study in the lab; however, they do not tell us much about the genetics involved in embryogenesis.
More informationEarly Development in Invertebrates
Developmental Biology Biology 4361 Early Development in Invertebrates October 25, 2006 Early Development Overview Cleavage rapid cell divisions divisions of fertilized egg into many cells Gastrulation
More informationCharacterization of the early development of specific hypaxial muscles from the ventrolateral myotome
Development 126, 4305-4315 (1999) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV1451 4305 Characterization of the early development of specific hypaxial muscles from the ventrolateral
More informationThe SCL gene specifies haemangioblast development from early mesoderm
The EMBO Journal Vol.17 No.14 pp.4029 4045, 1998 The SCL gene specifies haemangioblast development from early mesoderm M.Gering, A.R.F.Rodaway 1, B.Göttgens, R.K.Patient 1 and A.R.Green 2 University of
More informationBiology. Biology. Slide 1 of 26. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology Biology 1 of 26 Fruit fly chromosome 12-5 Gene Regulation Mouse chromosomes Fruit fly embryo Mouse embryo Adult fruit fly Adult mouse 2 of 26 Gene Regulation: An Example Gene Regulation: An Example
More informationSupplementary Figure 1: To test the role of mir-17~92 in orthologous genetic model of ADPKD, we generated Ksp/Cre;Pkd1 F/F (Pkd1-KO) and Ksp/Cre;Pkd1
Supplementary Figure 1: To test the role of mir-17~92 in orthologous genetic model of ADPKD, we generated Ksp/Cre;Pkd1 F/F (Pkd1-KO) and Ksp/Cre;Pkd1 F/F ;mir-17~92 F/F (Pkd1-miR-17~92KO) mice. (A) Q-PCR
More informationMutations affecting somite formation and patterning in the zebrafish, Danio
Development 123, 153-164 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV3345 153 Mutations affecting somite formation and patterning in the zebrafish, Danio rerio Fredericus J. M. van
More information