Life-history diversity and ecology of O. mykiss in a coastal California watershed
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1 Life-history diversity and ecology of O. mykiss in a coastal California watershed Jeremy Monroe Thomas Williams, Dave Rundio, and Steve Lindley NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center
2 Motivation for this presentation: Introduce steelhead managers, biologists, and researchers to our work at Big Creek To provide a context for steelhead managers and recovery planners to consider life-history diversity and habitat/ecological processes when consideration actions and developing plans Outline: Big Sur environment, Big Creek study area Overview of studies Observations and data so far Management considerations
3 Big Creek Research Overview O. mykiss population in Big Creek Estimate demographics and vital rates Develop a state-based life-cycle population model to assess dynamics Examine population response to disturbance events Gain better understanding of O. mykiss ecology in central California watersheds Foundation long-term population monitoring, state-based model approach to examine population dynamics Focus to date is in Big Creek Future plans include additional Big Sur area streams
4 Big Creek Devil s Creek travertine
5 Study design - population dynamics Field methods: Capture-recapture sampling using PIT tags fall and spring since fall 2005 Track fish with PIT tag antennas within basin and to and from ocean PIT tags
6 Study design - population dynamics Population modeling: Analyze tagging data with capture-recapture models abundance, survival, and transition rates among size/age classes non-anadromous vs. anadromous pathways residence times in stream/ocean Life-cycle based population model population growth rate simulate population dynamics longer time frames effects of changes to specific life stages, metapopulations, etc. resilience and critical life stages Stream Ocean Immature Steelhead 1+ YOY Adult Steelhead Adult Resident
7 Tagging summary 25,431 fish tagged since % of fish with HDX tags detected on antennas Fall population estimates N ± SE
8 Studies Population dynamics (Williams, Rundio, Lindley) Case study of one basin (Big Creek) Additional basins?? Mark-recapture sampling Population modeling Otolith microchemistry (C. Donohoe) Maternal origin of juveniles Maternal-offspring correspondence Migration history Genetic analysis (D. Pearse, C. Garza) Gender identification Family structure, heritability of lifehistory tactics M. Bond M. Bond
9 Terrestrial subsidies to O. mykiss: seasonal patterns and non-native prey Dave Rundio and Steve Lindley Percent of prey biomass Devil's Creek Big Creek 0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Summary of Rundio and Lindley (2008) Among systems studied to date, terrestrial inputs to Big Creek were protracted with relatively low seasonal fluctuations. Seasonal patterns of aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial inputs were closer in phase than other systems. Terrestrial invertebrates were 50-60% of prey biomass consumed by steelhead. Non-native terrestrial isopod Armadillidium was 30-40% of prey biomass.
10 Male-biased sex ratio of nonanadromous O. mykiss Dave Rundio, T. Williams, D. Pearse, S. Lindley Summary of Rundio et al. (2012) Y-chromosome genetic marker used to assess sex ratio of stream-dwelling O. mykiss Sex ratio was 1: 1 among juveniles (< 150 mm) Sex ratio highly male-skewed, 83%, among nonanadromous-sized individuals (> 150 mm) Sex ratio X size pattern did not differ among years or study reaches Rate of anadromy differs between males and females within Big Creek
11 Prevalence of black spot Pascale Goertler, S. Lindley, D. Rundio, and T. Williams Trematode (Apophallus sp.) Variable temporally and spatially
12 PIT tags in the stream: fish movement or rouge tags? Kerrie Pipal and Steve Lindley Problem: shed PIT tags can affect analysis when tag detection cannot be definitely linked to a live fish OR if shed tags are transported by flows (mimics fish moving downstream) Approach: Mark/Recapture experiment with intentionally released tags Summary Time was the most significant indicator of tag survival and detection probability The longer tags were in the system the less likely they were to be detected Tags either moved out of the system, settled into substrate and not detectable, or damaged so as not to function
13 Other projects with Big Creek connections: California coast-wide genetic survey (2003) Garza et al TAFS Summary 60 streams in 40 watersheds Single cohort YOY summer 2003 Evident pattern of isolation by distance Strong correlation between latitude and genetic variation, fewer alleles present in southern populations Sites resampled in summer 2014 (analyses underway) DIDSON feasibility study Summary: DIDSON deployed 3 Jan 8 May 2007; 2636 hours of operation Raised issues of milling, contributed to development of Decision Support Tool 990 fish observations, with DST estimate of steelhead adults
14 O. mykiss below barriers in Big Creek Population dynamics and life-history variation
15 Study design genetic analysis 3,700 samples with length, weight, and re-capture histories. Genotype 96 SNP loci: 92 neutral SNPs for population genetics and sibship analysis Genetic assay for gender Two loci located within the Omy5 linkage block
16 >Highly significant individual effect of Omy5 genotype. AA RR Pearse, Anderson, Garza, Rundio, Williams, Lindley, Unpub.
17 Highly skewed sex and Omy5 ratios in post-smolt population: Rundio et al Ecol. Freshwater Fish Pearse, Anderson, Garza, Rundio, Williams, Lindley, Unpub.
18 Maternal origin and migratory life histories using otolith Sr/Ca and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios Adult FL = 740 mm juvenile FL = 165 mm OMY4567 BIG BCM 740 A A 4/12/ core freshwater ocean 2.0 OMY5310 BIG BCDV 165 NA 9/26/ Sr/Ca x Sr/Ca x mm ad ult Chris Donohoe UC Santa Cruz
19 Sr/Ca profiles - residents migrate to sea OMY5284 BIG BCM 146 M 9/27/2011 FL = 146 mm age = OMY5296 BIG BCUP 210 M 10/3/2007 FL = 210 mm age = 5 Sr/Ca x Sr/Ca x OMY5290 BIG BCUP 213 M 12/2/2009 FL = 213 mm age = OMY4347 BIG BCM 300 A M 8/17/2005 FL = 300 mm age = 7 Sr/Ca x Sr/Ca x
20 Marine migrations coincide with otolith annuli 2.0 FL = 300 mm, age = annuli, 7 marine migrations high Sr/Ca (ocean) in summer
21 87 Sr/ 86 Sr profiles - confirm marine migrations OMY5284 BIG BCM 146 M 9/27/2011 OMY5296 BIG BCUP 210 M 10/3/ FL = 146 mm FL = 210 mm Sr/ 86 Sr ratio Sr/ 86 Sr ratio Big Creek ocean = OMY5290 BIG BCUP 213 M 12/2/2009 OMY4347 BIG BCM 300 M 8/17/ FL = 213 mm FL = 300 mm Sr/ 86 Sr ratio Sr/ 86 Sr ratio
22 Marine migrations common in Big Crk >140 mm FL Length class N % migrants % % % % % % % Totals %
23 Marine migrations in other Big Sur streams OMY4541 VIL VIL2 152 A M 8/16/ OMY4541 Villa Creek OMY4411 WIL WIL2 143 A M 9/21/ OMY4411 Willow Creek 152 mm FL 144 mm FL Sr/Ca x Sr/Ca x OMY4351 MIL MIBS2 171 A M 9/20/ OMY4351 Mill Creek OMY4395 PRW PRW1 128 A M 9/21/ OMY4395 Prewitt Creek 172 mm FL 129 mm FL Sr/Ca x Sr/Ca x
24 Marine migrations several Big Sur streams Stream N % migrants San Jose 5 0 % Partington 5 0 % Big % Limekiln 5 0 % Prewitt 6 50 % Mill 4 75 % Willow 7 29 % Villa 18 6 % Salmon 6 0 % % for fish >120 mm FL
25
26 87 Sr/ 86 Sr profiles of adults most are strays OMY4567 BIG BCM 740 A 4/12/2007 OMY4566 BIG BCM 550 A 5/1/2007 OMY5293 BIG BCDV 600 A 3/18/ Sr/ 86 Sr ratio ocean = Big Creek = OMY4535 BIG BCM 660 A 3/27/2007 OMY4412 BIG BCM 600 A 5/31/ Sr/ 86 Sr ratio Sr/ 86 Sr signature of Big Creek
27
28 From Ebersole et al Envir. Mgt. 21:1-14.
29 Natural disturbance events that influence salmonid populations throughout their range include: fires landslides glaciers earthquakes volcanic eruptions floods
30 Anthropogenic constraints that can influence the ability of salmonid populations to track changes in environmental conditions include: urbanization land management activities (e.g., timber) fire (magnitude, frequency) flooding (magnitude, frequency)
31
32 To be viable (i.e., persist) fish need to be able to track changes in environment Individuals (within and between life stages, life histories, etc.) Populations Strata ESUs Species Photo: M. Capelli
33 Salmonid Populations and ESUs Persist by Tracking Changes in Environmental Conditions Straying by adults Relatively high fecundity Juvenile dispersal Distribution of run-timing Distribution of age at ocean entry Overlapping generations (Chinook and O. mykiss, coho to some degree) For O. mykiss and coastal cutthroat trout, non-anadromous and anadromous life-history types
34 From Ebersole et al Envir. Mgt. 21:1-14.
35
36 Diversity allows for fish to track changes in the environment Diversity Within and among communities Among individuals within a population Among populations within an ESU/DPS Temporal and spatial Abiotic and Biotic Ecological processes
37 Marine migrations coincide with otolith annuli 2.0 FL = 300 mm, age = annuli, 7 marine migrations high Sr/Ca (ocean) in summer
38 What s next? Continue current sampling for at least several more years Analyses in progress: patterns in abundance, survival, and growth Near-term: population modeling and simulations In future: expand to other basins: what is level of movement (movement) among basins? do populations in different basins have similar demographics and synchronous dynamics? waiting for a major disturbance assess potential of approach for monitoring population trends as alternative to other methods (e.g., smolt counts, adult counts)
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