What s Bugging You? The Microbiology of Health

Transcription

1 What s Bugging You? The Microbiology of Health Welcome to Health 3301 Microbiology and Virology Make Effective Presentations Using Awesome Backgrounds Engage your Audience Capture Audience Attention Daniel Burnside Learning in Retirement Program Carleton University

2

3 Zika virus Whooping cough measles mumps polio cholera influenza ebola Yellow fever tuberculosis rheumatic fever pneumonia typhoid fever meningitis leprosy diphtheria Skin infection syphillus tetanus malaria dysentary chickenpox smallpox rabies encephalitis methicillin-resistant Stapphylococcus auereus HIV Hepatitis C Dengue fever

4 Series Outline What s Bugging You? Week Topic 1 Introduction to Microorganisms 2 Good Bugs The beneficial organisms in and on your body 3 Bad Bugs When infection sets in 4 Bugs on the Move How infection is transferred 5 Bugs in the Body A look at infectious disease 6 Bugs and Drugs Controlling microbes

5 General Info.behave yourselves people This is an open space Ask questions Chat with your neighbours Slides, and suggested reading materials, will be provided after class I can be reached at Daniel_Burnside@Carleton.ca for any questions about the material We will have discussions I will moderate and may cut off discussion or questions in the interest of time. I am always available before + after class. Don t be a jerk!

6 A Bit About Me About Me Microbiologist with specialization in protein interactions Decent guy Why This Subject.and the reason I designed this series Microbiology affects many aspects of our health Many misconceptions about bacteria and fads lead by false information Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to modern medicine that is currently underappreciated Vaccine safety and efficacy is currently in question

7 Disclaimer I am not a medical doctor I will answer questions to the best of my ability No medical advice is being offered in this course I am not recommending any product or service

8 Central Dogma of Life

9 DNA Sequencing Reading the Blueprints

10 Le Programme Intro to Microbiology

11 History of Microbiology Spontaneous Generation Germ Theory The theory of spontaneous generation was dominant until the mid 1800s/early 1900s Francesco Redi showed maggots come from fly eggs 1668 The invention of the microscope (A. van Leeuwenhoek) initiated the field of microbiology and strongly challenged spontaneous generation Boiling chicken broth experiments performed (1745) Louis Pasteur in S shaped neck demonstration Pasteur and Robert Koch advocated for the germ theory of disease ( )

12 etsy.com Microscope Germ Theory Lysozyme Pasteurization Penicillin Polio Bacteriophage Taxonomy Vaccine Bacterial - Archaea Genetics RNA Theory Plasmids

13 Microbiology: (from Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life") is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Bacteria Viruses Eukaryotic Parasites (Prokaryotic Cells) Particles Not Cells More Advanced Cells No Nucleus Nucleus

14 Classification of Microorganisms Prokaryotes No membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus (pro, before; karyon, nucleus) Archaea, bacteria Eukaryotes With membrane-bound cell organelles Algae, fungi, molds protozoans Other Viruses, viroids, prions Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

15 Comparison of Cell Sizes A B Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

16 Classification of Microorganisms

17 Part 1 Bacteria

18 Bacteria There are more bacterial cells in and on your body that there are your own cells However, due to their small size, bacteria make up about ~2% of your total body mass Many bacteria are highly motile and can travel quickly (up to 25X their length/second) Most bacteria are highly specific about their living conditions temperature, ph, air pressure, oxygen level, salt concentration must be just right When in ideal conditions, some bacteria can double their population every 15 minutes Some bacteria thrive in extreme environments such as up to 2 miles underground and inside hydrothermal ocean vents There are millions of different species of bacteria on earth There may be over 1500 species of bacteria in your belly button

19 19 Bacterial Growth Curve

20

21 Bacteria Structure

22 22 Cell Wall Bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae typically have cell walls with different chemical composition Protects interior of cells from physical movements and hostile environments Contributes to the shape of the organism McGraw- Hill

23 23 Structure of a Prokaryotic Flagellum

24 24 Bacterial Flagella (Cont.) Flagella A can propel bacteria clockwise or counterclockwise Movement away or toward a stimulus is called taxis Results in various patterns of motility, Runs (swims),tumbles

25

26

27 Classification Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology In 1923 David Bergey and four colleagues published the first comprehensive classification of bacteria The manual is used for both classification and identification of bacteria and archaea First edition based on characteristics and properties Later versions incorporated 16S ribosomal DNA, amino acid sequence, genetic sequences Second edition is primarily based on phylogenetic grouping

28 Classification A bacterial species is a group of bacteria that share a number of similar characteristics The originally described bacteria is known as the prototype and future isolates with minimal characteristic changes are known as strains

29 Bacterial Diversity

30 Genetic Transfer in Bacteria Transformation: the genetic alteration of a cell through the direct uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA - - Transduction: transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another through a bacteriophage. Conjugation: the transfer of genetic material via cell-tocell contact occurs between compatible mating types of generally the same or closely related species in mating cells, the donor carries a sex pillus (F-pillus)

31 31 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Conjugative Pilus E. coli

32 Dr. Sally Davies England s Chief Medical Officer of Health