Data set of Zuo and Oerlemans (1997a)

Transcription

1 Appendix A Data set of Zuo and Oerleans (1997a) Table A.1 lists details of 100 glaciated regions adopted fro Zuo and Oerleans (1997a) and used in this thesis. In particular, latitude and longitude of the centred locations, the areas (in k 2 ), and the annual precipitation rates (in w.e. year 1 ) are given. glaciated region lat long area prec 1 Ellesere , Axel Heiberg , Devon Island , N-Baffin Island , S-Baffin Island , Bylot Island , Brooks Range Alaska Range , Talkeetna Mts Kilbuck Mts Aleutian Island Alaska Peninsula , Seward Peninsula Kenai Mts , Wrangell Mts , Chuhach Mts ,

2 302 Data set of Zuo and Oerleans (1997a) glaciated region lat long area prec 17 St. Elias Mts , Coast Mts , Stikine River , Yukon Territory , Selwyn Mts Rocky Mts Coast Mts , Olypic Mts N-Cascades Mt. Rainer / Adas Rocky Mts , Selkirk Mts , Rocky Mts Sierra Nevada Mexico Mexico Mexico S.Nev de Merida Nev. del Huila Nev. del Ruzy / Tolia Nev. del Cocuy S. Nev de Santa Marta Ecuador N. Cordilleras N. Cordilleras S. Cordilleras Cordilleras Oriental Andes, 30-16S , Chili Mendoza / San Juan , Neuquen Chili , N. Patagonia , S. Patagonia , Tierra del Fuego , S. Atlantic Islands ,100 1

3 Data set of Zuo and Oerleans (1997a) 303 glaciated region lat long area prec 53 Vatnajokull , Langjokull Hofsjokull Myrdalsjokull Drangajokull Svalbard , Franz Josef Land , Novaya Zelya , Severnaya Zelya , N. Scandinavia , S. Norway , Alps , Pyrenees Bol shoy Kavkaz , Turkey Iran Severnity Ural Ili + Chu , Syrdar ya / Audar ya , Tari Ba Pakistan/India , Nanga Parbat Chitral , Hialaya / Nepal , Bhutan , Niangtingtanggula , Qilian Shan , Altai Shan Kunlun Shan , Tyan Shan , Tanggula Shan , Hengduan Shan , Gangdisi Shan , Dzungarsky Alatau Qiangtang Plateau , Orulgan

4 304 Data set of Zuo and Oerleans (1997a) glaciated region lat long area prec 89 Cherskogo Koryakskoye Khrebet Suntar Khayata Kodar Katchatka Mt. Kenya Mt. Kiliandjaro Ruwenzori Irian Jaya New Zealand , Kerguelen Island Heard Island Table A.1: Details on 100 glaciated regions adopted fro Zuo and Oerleans (1997a).

5 Appendix B Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 Topographic aps of Alaska and Svalbard Figures B.1 and B.2 show topographic aps of Alaska and Svalbard overlaid with the area-extents of glaciated regions of the digitised data set.

6 306 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 64 N 62 N 60 N 58 N 56 N 54 N 160 W 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W Figure B.1: Extent of glaciers in Alaska plotted on top of a topographic ap.

7 Supporting aterial for Chapter N 80 N 79 N 78 N 77 N 76 N 10 E 15 E 20 E 25 E 30 E 35 E Figure B.2: Extent of glaciers on the Svalbard archipelago plotted on top of a topographic ap.

8 308 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 Location of glaciated region and precipitation data Table B.1 lists the centred location of 100 glaciated region and the nearest available precipitation grid point. The precipitation data set is taken fro the Cliate Research Unit (CRU) and is given on a 2.5 o latitude by 3.75 o longitude resolution.

9 Supporting aterial for Chapter gl. region prec. grid dist gl lat long lat long [k] Table B.1: Coparison of locations between glaciated regions and available precipitation data fro the CRU. The last colun lists the approxiate distance in kiloetre between the two locations.

10 310 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 Average annual ean precipitation of three sources Table B.2 lists average annual precipitation rates of 100 glaciated regions fro three sources: P Z &O P CRUaver P OFaver data fro Zuo and Oerleans (1997a) calculated fro data of the Cliate Research Unit (CRU) calculated fro the data sets provided by Siobhan O Farrell For the calculation of the average of the 100 glaciated regions (last row in Table B.2) using P CRUaver and P OFaver, annual precipitation rates saller than 0.22 year 1 are set to that nuber (see page 36 for details on this paraeter setting).

11 Supporting aterial for Chapter gl P Z &O P CRUaver P OFaver ±0.028< 0.259± ±0.028< 0.251± ±0.039< 0.226± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.053< 0.565± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.171 < ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.006< 0.316± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.051< 1.248±0.108 gl P Z &O P CRUaver P OFaver ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.030< 0.728± ±0.039< 0.470± ±0.017< 1.163± ± ± ± ±0.059< ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.017< 0.290± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.088 aver Table B.2: Coparison of average annual ean precipitation and standard deviation (calculated fro Equation 2.12) of 100 glaciated regions between the data sets of P Z&O, P CRUaver, and P OFaver. The unit is eters year 1 of water. Red nubers indicate calculated P CRUaver or P OFaver that lie within 25% of the P Z&O value. Calculated P CRUaver or P OFaver that are greater than those of P Z&O are indicated with a + sybol. The sybol < indicates that the calculated average annual precipitation is less than 0.22 year 1 but has to be set to that nuber for any following calculations.

12 312 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 Trends of precipitation data sets Table B.3 lists linear trends in precipitation of 100 glaciated regions calculated fro the data set of the Cliate Research Unit, CRU. The tie periods vary for each region, not covering tie before 1900 or after 1998 at all. Trends in precipitation of 53 glaciated regions are positive. Of these: 35 trends are significant at a 1σ level 23 trends are significant at a 2σ level 4 trends are significant at a 3σ level Trends in precipitation of 47 glaciated regions are negative. Of these: 23 trends are significant at a 1σ level 11 trends are significant at a 2σ level 5 trends are significant at a 3σ level Table B.4 lists precipitation trends of 100 glaciated regions calculated fro the data set of Siobhan O Farrell. Data for the tie period is available and isgivenona1.875 o longitude by 1.86 o latitude grid. Trends in precipitation of 66 glaciated regions are positive. Of these: 37 trends are significant at a 1σ level 15 trends are significant at a 2σ level 2 trends are significant at a 3σ level Trends in precipitation of 34 glaciated regions are negative. Of these: 10 trends are significant at a 1σ level 4 trends are significant at a 2σ level 1 trend is significant at a 3σ level

13 Supporting aterial for Chapter gl trend ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± gl trend ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± gl trend ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Table B.3: Trends and standard deviations (calculated fro Equation 2.12) of precipitation at glaciated regions for the period (or available years) in year 2. The data is taken fro the Cliate Research Unit (CRU).

14 314 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 gl trend ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± gl trend ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± gl trend ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Table B.4: Trends and standard deviations (calculated fro Equation 2.12) of odelled precipitation at glaciated regions for the period in year 2. The data is provided by Siobhan O Farrell.

15 Supporting aterial for Chapter Correlation between observed and odelled teperature Tables B.5 and B.6 show correlation coefficients between odelled (provided by Gregory or O Farrell) and observed teperature series at a few glaciated regions. The observed teperature data set is taken fro the NASA web page ( data). The teperature for each glaciated region is taken fro the grid which is located closest to the centre of the glaciated region.

16 316 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 NZ Asia Europe Arctic Sth. A. NW USA Alaska glaciated region station - observed corr. coeff dist yrs 7 Brooks Range 1Uiat Allakaket Alaska Peninsula 1 King Salon Iliana FAA Airport Wrangell Mts. 1 Yakataga Airport St. Elias Mts. 1 Yakataga Airport Graha Inlet Coast Mts. 4 Haines Gustavus Yukon Territory 1 Yakataga Airport Burwash,Yukon Coast Mts. 25 N. Cascades 29 Rocky Mts. 49 N. Patagonia 51 Tierra del Fuego 1MosleyCreek Tatlayoko Lake Stehekin Winthrop Buffalo Bill Da Red Lodge Puerto Aysen Balaceda Punta Arenas Rio Gallegos Vatnajokull 1 Akureyri Hofsjokull 1 Akureyri Svalbard 1 Svalbard Franz Josef Land 1GoI OstrovVize N. Scandinavia 2Troo S. Norway 2 Dobas Norway Hellisoy Fyr Alps 1Basel Saentis Pyrenees 2PicDuMidiFrance Syrdar ya Audar ya 2Dir Hialaya / Nepal 4 Darjeeling Altai Shan 1 Bulgan Hovd Hengduan Shan 1 Deqen Daocheng New Zealand 1 Christchurch Table B.5: Correlation coefficients between tie series of T G and observed teperature at a few glaciated regions. The colun dist gives the approxiate distance in kiloetre between the location of the glaciated regions and the site with available teperature observations. The last colun lists the nuber of years of teperature observation.

17 Supporting aterial for Chapter NZ Asia Europe Arctic Sth. A. NW USA Alaska glaciated region station - observed corr. coeff dist yrs 7 Brooks Range 1Uiat Allakaket Alaska Peninsula 1 King Salon Iliana FAA Airport Wrangell Mts. 1 Yakataga Airport St. Elias Mts. 1 Yakataga Airport Graha Inlet Coast Mts. 4 Haines Gustavus Yukon Territory 1 Yakataga Airport Burwash,Yukon Coast Mts. 25 N. Cascades 29 Rocky Mts. 49 N. Patagonia 51 Tierra del Fuego 1MosleyCreek Tatlayoko Lake Stehekin Winthrop Buffalo Bill Da Red Lodge Puerto Aysen Balaceda Punta Arenas Rio Gallegos Vatnajokull 1 Akureyri Hofsjokull 1 Akureyri Svalbard 1 Svalbard Franz Josef Land 1GoI OstrovVize N. Scandinavia 2Troo S. Norway 2 Dobas Norway Hellisoy Fyr Alps 1Basel Saentis Pyrenees 2PicDuMidiFrance Syrdar ya Audar ya 2Dir Hialaya / Nepal 4 Darjeeling Altai Shan 1 Bulgan Hovd Hengduan Shan 1 Deqen Daocheng New Zealand 1 Christchurch Table B.6: Correlation coefficients between tie series of T OF and observed teperature at a few glaciated regions. The colun dist gives the approxiate distance in kiloetre between the location of the glaciated regions and the site with available teperature observations. The last colun lists the nuber of years of teperature observation.

18 318 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 Linear trends in teperature over the period Table B.7 lists linear trends in teperature of 100 glaciated regions over the period using T G and T OF. Teperature trends based on the Gregory data set: Trends in teperature of 97 glaciated regions are positive. Of those: 92 trends are significant at a 1σ level 58 trends are significant at a 2σ level 33 trends are significant at a 3σ level Trends in teperature of 3 glaciated regions are negative: Of those: 1 trend is significant at a 1σ level. Teperature trends based on the O Farrell data set: Trends in teperature of 99 glaciated regions are positive. Of those: 90 trends are significant at a 1σ level 83 trends are significant at a 2σ level 64 trends are significant at a 3σ level The trend in teperature of 1 glaciated regions is negative.

19 Supporting aterial for Chapter gl Gregory O Farrell ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± gl Gregory O Farrell ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Table B.7: Linear trends and standard deviations (fro Equation 2.12) in annual teperature of 100 glaciated regions in K year 1 for the period using T G and T OF.

20 320 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2 Linear trends in teperature over the period Table B.8 lists linear trends in teperature of 100 glaciated regions over the period using T G and T OF. Teperature trends based on the Gregory data set: Trends in teperature of 41 glaciated regions are positive. Of those: 21 trends are significant at a 1σ level 5 trends are significant at a 2σ level 1 trend is significant at a 3σ level Trends in teperature of 59 glaciated regions are negative. Of those: 30 trends are significant at a 1σ level 3 trends are significant at a 2σ level 0 trends are significant at a 3σ level Teperature trends based on the O Farrell data set: Trends in teperature of 82 glaciated regions are positive. Of those: 31 trends are significant at a 1σ level 15 trends are significant at a 2σ level 5 trends are significant at a 3σ level Trends in teperature of 18 glaciated regions are negative. Of those: 2 trends are significant at a 1σ level 0 trends are significant at a 2σ level 0 trends are significant at a 3σ level

21 Supporting aterial for Chapter gl Gregory O Farrell ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± gl Gregory O Farrell ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Table B.8: Linear trends and standard deviations (fro Equation 2.12) in annual teperature of 100 glaciated regions in K year 1 for the reference period using T G and T OF.

22 322 Supporting aterial for Chapter 2

23 Appendix C Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 Copiling ass balance observations into priary systes of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) Figures C.1 and C.2 show two exaples of the ethod used by Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) to copile glacier observations into priary systes. The second last colun shows the annual scaled ice-volue loss calculated in this thesis (scalingethod is illustrated with arrows in Figure C.1). The last colun lists the nubers published by Dyurgerov and Meier (2005). Whereas Figure C.1 shows a successful reproduction, Figure C.2 shows an exaple where it was not possible to reconstruct the tie series.

24 324 Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 Figure C.1: Exaple of copiling observations on six glaciers into the priary syste no. 6. Data for individual glaciers, the total and scaled values and the data of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) are given in k 3 year 1 w.e. and the area is given in k 2.

25 Supporting aterial for Chapter Figure C.2: Exaple of copiling observations on four glaciers into the priary syste no. 35. Data for individual glaciers, the total and scaled values and the data of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) are given in k 3 year 1 w.e. and the area is given in k 2.

26 326 Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 Upscaling ethod fro priary to regional systes of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) Figures C.3 and C.4 illustrate the ethod used by Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) to copile data of the priary systes to produce data for the regional systes. Fro the annual ice-volue changes of the priary systes, the change for the regional syste is calculated by upscaling by the area difference between the available priary areas and the total area of the regional syste (this is illustrated with the arrows in Figure C.3).

27 Supporting aterial for Chapter Figure C.3: Exaple of upscaling ice-volue changes of priary systes used by Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) to derive that of a regional syste. Annual volue changes of the priary systes no. 1 to 5 are the basis for calculating annual ice-volue changes of the regional syste no. 1. Data for priary systes, the total and scaled values and the data of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) are given in k 3 year 1 w.e. and the area is givenink 2.

28 328 Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 Figure C.4: Exaple of upscaling ice-volue changes of priary systes used by Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) to derive that of a reg1ional syste. Annual volue changes of the priary systes no. 36 to 41 are the basis for calculating annual ice-volue changes of the regional syste no. 2. Data for priary systes, the total and scaled values and the data of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) are given in k 3 year 1 w.e. and the area is givenink 2.

29 Supporting aterial for Chapter Ice-volue changes of 100 glaciated regions Table C.1 lists predicted ice-volue changes of 100 glaciated regions over the period , using various cobinations of teperature and precipitation data sets, in particular T G P Z&O,T G P CRUseries,T OF P Z&O, and T OF P OFseries. The paraeter Θ is set globally to 0.15 K except for one case where regionally variable Θs are used. Table C.2 lists ice-volue changes adopted fro Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) applied on 100 glaciated regions of Zuo and Oerleans (1997a), denoted D&M copilation in this thesis.

30 330 Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 T G T OF gl P Z&O P CRUseries P Z&O P OFseries P OFseries Θ var

31 Supporting aterial for Chapter T G T OF gl P Z&O P CRUseries P Z&O P OFseries P OFseries Θ var

32 332 Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 T G T OF gl P Z&O P CRUseries P Z&O P OFseries P OFseries Θ var total (0.178) (0.164) (0.181) (0.163) (0.236) Table C.1: Changes in ice-volue in k 3 year 1 w.e. of 100 glaciated regions over the period using various cobinations of teperature and precipitation data sets, i.e. T G P Z&O,T G P CRUseries,T OF P Z&O,andT OF P OFseries. The paraeter Θ is set to 0.15 K except for the last colun where regionally variable Θs are applied. Total icevolue changes, listed in the last row, are given in k 3 year 1 w.e. and in year 1 of global sea-level change (in brackets).

33 Supporting aterial for Chapter gl reg area dv , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , n/a n/a n/a gl reg area dv , , , , , , n/a 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

34 334 Supporting aterial for Chapter 3 gl reg area dv , , , , , , n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1, n/a n/a total (0.405) TableC.2: ChangesinicevoluedVink 3 year 1 w.e. of 100 glaciated regions (Zuo and Oerleans, 1997a). The volue changes are based on those of the regional and priary (where first are not available) systes of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005). The colun reg gives the region of Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) used to derive the estiate for the region and where n/a is listed no regional estiate value was available but instead the nuber of the priary syste was used. Total ice-volue changes, listed in the last row, are givenink 3 year 1 w.e.andinyear 1 of global sea-level change (in brackets).

35 Appendix D Supporting aterial for Chapter 5 Tables D.1 and D.2 list locations of existing GPS and tide gauge stations which are referenced in Chapter 5. site nae short Latitude Longitude Fairbanks fair Dunedin ous Ny Ålesund nyal Paler atw Punta Arenas parc Resolute reso Sheshan shao Sydney sydn Trosoe tro Refrigerator Rock frig Reykjavik reyk Whitehorse whit Table D.1: Latitudes and longitudes of GPS sites referenced in this thesis.

36 336 Supporting aterial for Chapter 5 site nae Latitude Longitude Anchorage Barentsburg Bartlett Cove Cordova Dunedin Juneau Kanen Ketchikan Langara Point Nikiski Ny Ålesund Punta Arenas Prince Rupert Queen Charlotte City Resolute Reykjavik Sand Point Seldovia Seward Sitka Skagway St. Pauls habor Sydney Troso Yakutat Valdez Woens Bay Table D.2: Latitudes and longitudes of tide gauge sites referenced in this thesis.

37 Appendix E Supporting aterial for Chapter 6 Ocean botto pressure changes and corresponding second order relative sea-level changes Plots in Figure E.1 show the ocean botto pressure changes over selected 10-year periods (data provided by Felix Landerer). Note the changes in scale in 2000, 2050, and Plots in Figure E.2 show the corresponding relative sea-level changes due to ocean botto pressure changes caused by theral expansion. Note the change in scale in 2080.

38 338 Supporting aterial for Chapter Figure E.1: Theral expansion induced ocean botto pressure changes of 10-year averages relative to an unperturbed ocean expressed in eters of ass load.

39 Supporting aterial for Chapter

40 340 Supporting aterial for Chapter Figure E.2: Spatial distribution of relative sea-level changes relative to in eter due to changes in ocean botto pressure caused by theral expansion of the A1B IPCC cliate scenario.