Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns i nv e s t i g a t i o n o nc e a g a i n i n no r t he r n Chi na

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1 Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns i nv e s t i g a t i o n o nc e a g a i n i n no r t he r n Chi na XU Li - yu 1 HU De - you 2 TANG Le - hong 2 (1 Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing , Chi na ; 2 J i a ngs u Ti a nde ng Ra nd Gr a s s I ndus t r y Ec ol ogi c a l Te c hnol ogy Co., Lt d., Na nj i ng ) Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns ( Tr i n), Ne r s ki ) i s a pe r e nni a l gr a mi ne ous f or a ge. The gr a s s is high density, high yield grass, good dry dead branches, Achnatherum adapt abi l i t y, sal t, al kal i, col d, dr ought, r oot syst em. I t i s good pal at abi l i t y and hi gh nut ri t i onal val ue, i s a good l i vest ock feed; Achnat herum i s t he agri cul t ural and past oral areas of dai l y necessi t i es, hi gh- qual i t y r aw mat er i al s; Ac hna t he r um f i be r s s ui t a bl e f or ma nuf a c t ur i ng hi gh- qual i t y paper. However, t he function of Achnatherumsplendens in soil and water conservation has not been pr oper l y under st ood and appl i ed. Phot o 1 The Wor l d Bank i nves t i gat ed t he loss of Achnatherum splendens (1998, Baode) 1 Chi nese Vet i veri a zi zani oi des and Its Appl i c a t i o n t o Ac hna t he r um splendens As e a r l y a s 1994, t he Wor l d Ba nk s uppor t e d t he Loes s Pl at eau Wat er and Soi l Conser vat i on Pr oj ect, whi ch i nvol ved many pr ovi nces i n Shanxi, Shaanxi and I nner Mongol i a, whi ch lasted for many years. In 1998, the pr oj ect wa s unde r goi ng a mi d- termevaluation. Former Wo r l d Ba n k o f f i c i a l s a n d l a t e r P r e s i d e n t o f the International Vetiver Network, Mr. Graeme Shaw, t ook par t i n t he s t udy and Xu Li yu, t he Chi ne s e Ve t i ve r Ne t wor k Coor di na t or, wa s invited. They focused on the Achnatherum splendens and other plants in loess high The r ol e of t he or i gi nal s oi l and wat er conser vat i on ( phot o 1). I t i s concl uded t hat Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns i s a good he r ba c e ous s oi l a nd wa t e r c ons e r va t i on, a nd c a n pl a y a ver y i mpor t ant r ol e i n cont rolling soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau. Lat er i n t he i nt er nat i onal net wor k of vet i ver 2000, s uppor t ed by t he begi nni ng of t he gr aduat e pr oj ect, speci al i zi ng i n t he spl endi d sl ope pr ot ect i on f unct i on. "The I mpact of Achnat her um spl endens on soi l pr oper t i es and i t s pot ent i al t o cont r ol soi l er osi on in arid and cold regions". The project was sponsored by the Wallace Genetic Foundat i on. Soi l and wat er l os s has al ways been t he mai n pr obl em af f ect i ng t he agr i cul t ur al pr oduct i on and envi r onment i n mountainous areas of northern China. To prevent and cont rol soi l erosi on, peopl e have t aken a l ot of engi neeri ng measures, such as const ruct i on Ter r aces, ponds, di ggi ng f i s h- scale pit, built Valley Square and so on. Thes e meas ur es ar e s i mpl e and ef f ect i ve i n t erms of prevent i on and cont rol of soi l erosi on, but requi res hi gh manpower, mat eri al and fi nanci al resources. In cont rast, bi ol ogi cal measur es t o i nvest l ess, qui ck, i t can not onl y ef f ect i vel y cont r ol wat er and soi l, but al so effect i vel y prot ect ed and i mproved the ecological environment. So use of bi ol ogi cal measur es t o keep soi l and wat er much mor e peopl e f avor. However,

2 selecting a suitable soil and water conservation plant in a specific soil erosion area is not an easy task. It needs to consider a number of factors, but one of the most important is that the selected species should have good soil and water conservation function and Adapt to the environment in which the plant is planted. Achnatherum splendens (Ttin), Nerski) thick, wide crown, root systemdevel oped. I t not onl y has a strong function of soil and water conservation, and salt tolerance, drought resistance. The vast majority of the existing Achnatherumsplendens natural growth, no ma n a g e me n t. I n t h e a r t i f i c i a l h a r v e s t ( f o r b a r b r o o m) o r f i r e g r ow bet t er. 1 Chi nese Vet i veri a zi zani oi des and It s Appl i cat i on t o Achnat herum splendens (2001) studied the effects of Achnatherumsplendens on soil physical properties, soil erosi on resi st ance, soi l erosi on resi st ance, soi l shear st rengt h and soi l properties, and t he effect s of Achnat herum spl endens on soi l physi cal and chemi cal propert i es, soil erosion resistance, soil erosion resistance and soil shear strength were also studied in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. The results showed that Ac hnat herum spl endens coul d si gni fi cant l y i mprove t he soi l physi cal propert i es, improve soil erosion resistance, corrosion resistance and shear strength, and have a cert ai n sal t t ol erance [1]. More syst emat i c research The char act er i s t i cs of s oi l and wat er conservat i on of Achnat herum spl endens provi de a new i dea f or t he soi l and wat er l oss cont r ol and soi l and wat er conser vat i on gr assl and resources in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Achnatherumsplendens was divided into three ecological types according to its topography, topography and ecology. Semideser t ecol ogi cal t ypes and ecol ogi cal t ypes of st eep sl opes i n t he val l ey, and t he ecol ogi cal t ypes of t he severel y eroded gul l i es were emphasi zed, whi ch l ai d a foundation for the further study and application of Achnat her um spl endens. St udy on Achnat herum s pl endens i n Chi na recent l y In order to further understand the ecological characteristics of Achnatherum splendens, as soon as the Achnatherumsplendens applied to China' s soil and water conservat i on work for our nat i onal economy, Chi na Vet i ver Net wor k and Ji angsu Ti anpeng Ra nd e c o- technology Co., Ltd. of China's northern region Achnatherumgrowth The situation was investigated, fromaugust 31, 2016 to September 12, which lasted 13 days. The pur pose of t hi s study was to study the ecological habit of Achnatherum splendens, and to understand the flowering of Achnatherumsplendens in order to pr epar e f or t he pr opagat i on exper i ment of Achnat her um spl endens ( Phot o 2). Sl ope pr ot ect i on f unct i on of Achnat her um s pl endens i n Loess Pl at eau of Shanxi Pr ovi nce Fi r s t l y, t he f unct i on of Achnat her um s pl endens was s t udi ed. Si mi l ar t o t he pr evi ous l y seen, Achnatherumsplendens in the Loess Plateau region of the slope protection function is very significant. Due to serious soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns a r e mos t l y di s t r i but e d i n t he hi ghe r pa r t of t he e dge of t he erosi on di t ch, can be a good fi xed sl ope t o prevent furt her col l apse and erosi on of the slope to protect the farmhouses or walls. Achnatherum s p l e n d e n s t h e g r o u n d p a r t of up t o 2m above t he r oot can r each 2m or mor e ( phot o 3).

3 Phot o 2 On- site study Achnatherumsplendens seed photos 3 aboveground and underground par t s r espect i vel y over 2m phot os 4 t o t he local fellow Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns i n t he l oc a l ma i n pur pos e is to tie broom(photo 4), is said to be because of i t s good t oughness, l i ght and not easi l y broken. The broom i n t he Loess Pl at eau and Nort hwest Chi na i s very common. A broom i n Ni ngxi a can sel l 18 yuan. But t he farmers for Ac hna t he r um wa t e r a nd s oi l c ons e r va t i on

4 function is not much understanding. Ac hna t he r um i n a ny pl a c e, mos t l y di s t r i but e d i n the plexus. And typical Ol de r dwe l l i ngs wi t h mor e s t a bi l i z i ng e f f e c t s ma y be a s s oc i a t e d wi t h human act i vi t i es (such as sweeping the yard) and slow growth. And are fend for themselves, never heard of ar t i f i ci al cul t i vat i on. But i n any case, Achnat her um sl ope pr ot ect i on f unct i on i s at a gl ance and no doubt (Phot o 5). As can be seen from t he phot o 5 Ac hna t he r um s l ope pr ot ect i on and t he r ol e of housi ng on t he sl ope The di st ri but i on and growt h of Achnat herum spl endens i n Ni ngxi a In Ningxia Hui Nong, the study selected fromsouth to north, fromthe Yellow River al l uvi al pl ai n t o t he Hel an Mount ai n f oot hi l l s, f r om l ow t o hi gh a l i ne. I n t he pl ai n area, most of t he spl endens are di st ri but ed i n t he di t ches and a few open spaces, but al so di st ri but ed around t he ol d house. In t hese pl aces Achnat herum spl endens t he rol e of sol i d sl ope i s ver y obvi ous Achnat her um spl endens of t en f l our i sh. The hei ght of a cl ust er of spl endens can reach 210cm, di amet er up t o 1m. In t he ol d house around t he strong growth of Achnatherumsplendens may be due to the local soil moisture, nutrient condi t i ons bet t er. In addi t i on, in the old house (Rather than the new house) around the good growth may be fromthe side shows Achnatherumgrowth period is longer, need enough t i me t o grow i nt o l arge grass. Al ong wi t h t he e l e va t i on, Ac hna t he r um i n s e mi - deser t ar eas of st one gr owt h was weakened. Thi s i s rel at ed t o el evat i on, sl ope t errai n obvi ous soi l moi st ure, nut ri ent poor. Her e a l ong dr ought, deep i n t he nor t hwest i nl and pl at eau, i s a t ypi cal cont i nent al semi - humi d semi - ari d cl i mat e, annual rai nfal l i n mm, evapor at i on i s mo r e t han 1000mm, and mul t i pl e nat ur al di sast er s. In this site conditions, Achnatherumgrowth is poor, each plexus height of only 100cm, pl exus di amet er 40-50cm. Most spor adi c gr owt h i n st one i nt er mi t t ent ( Phot o 6). But al so shows Achnat herum i s very resi st ant t o bar r en. Thi s al so pr ovi des a basi s f or t he use of Achnat her um spl endens i n t he bar r en and ar i d ar eas. On t he hi l l si de, t her e i s still a small amount of Achnatherumsplendens in the thicker part of the slope, and the growth is better. Growth height can reach about 150cm. In addition, a large area of Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns wa s f ound a t a di s t a nc e of a bout 20 km f r om t he f oot of t he mount ai n ( Phot o 7). And neat l y di st r i but ed on bot h si des of the drain. The villagers have reflected Achnatherumsplendens are of t en gr own i n t he farming area and grazing area at the junction of the place, that is like growing in the pastoral site conditions better place. In the event of food shortages, people of t en cul t i vat e Achnat her um spl endens gr owt h t o f ar mi ng Inner Mongol i a Achnat herum growt h Investigation of the Linhe District is located in the western Inner Mongolia Aut onomous Re gi on of t he He t a o Pl a i n a bdome n. I t i s l oc a t e d be t we e n l a t i t ude ' ~ 41 17' nor t h and l ongi t ude ' ~ ' east. Li Bayannaoer ci t y, for t he ci t y seat. Li nhe deep i nl and, bel ongi ng t o t he t emperat e semi - ari d cont i nent al cl i mat e, whi ch i s charact eri zed by: preci pi t at i on, wi nd, dry cl i mat e. The mean annual pr eci pi t at i on i s mm i n t he s out h, mm i n t he nor t h, and the evaporation is mm. The evaporation is 16.1 times of the precipitation. Ac c or di ng t o I va n Roe f f f or mul a t o c a l c ul a t e t he we t t i ng c oe f f i c i e nt of O. 12, i s a ver y ar i d cl i mat e. The most humi d August i s t he semi - ari d cl i mat e t ype.

5 Phot o 6 Achnat her um spl endens gr owi ng i n cr evi ces i n semi - deser t ar eas ( Ni ngxi a Hui Nong) Phot o 7 A l ar ge s pl endi d Achnat her um s pl endens t he cr op Howe ve r, on t he ot he r ha nd, Li nhe Di s t r i c t i s l oc a t e d i n t he Ye l l ow Ri ve r a l l uvi a l pl ai n, el evat i on ~ 1 045m, t er r ai n from sout hwest t o nort heast t i l t. Al l uvi a l pl a i n ne a r t he Ye l l ow Ri ve r s hor e a r e a i s t he r i ve r s l ow, di f f e r e nt wi dt h, ge ne r a l l y i n t he 150 ~ 5000m, hi ghe r t ha n t he Ye l l ow Ri ve r s ur f a c e 0. 5 ~ 1m, t he gr ound f l at open. Some of t he sur f ace i s f i ne sand, i rrigation channels and t he Yel l ow Ri ver i s al so more sedi ment at i on of t he ol d course of sand, i n t he long wind erosion, the formation of many disc-shaped depression (commonly known as ge Bu) and sand dunes. The hei ght of t he movi ng sand dune i s bet ween 2m and 20m. Semi - fixed dunes generally high 1 ~ 1.5m, and wind erosion depressions and phase di st r i but i on, f i xed dune sl ow, undul at i ng, mul t i - gr owt h sand Peng, Tr i bul us terrestris and other drought- resistant plants. General depression area of 0. 5 ~ 2km2, deep 0. 5 ~ 1m, bet ween t he gr eat er and deeper. Wi nd er osi on depr essi on, t he ol d cour se of t he Yel l ow Ri ver l ef t over f r om t he nat ur al l evee and Fur ukawa lowlands, waste irrigation channels, product Phot o 8 Gr owi ng i n t he wat er of t he Achnat her um s pl endens in Linhe, Inner Mo n g o l i a, l a k e s ( c o mmo n l y k n o wn a s Ha i z i ) f o r m t h e l a n d s c a p e o f ma n y l a k e s i n t h e pl ai n. Because of t hi s, al t hough t he ar ea i s ver y l i t t l e r ai nf al l, but t he soi l site conditions, especially water conditions may not necessarily poor. Groundwat er dept h: The vast maj or i t y of t he ci t y bel ow 150cm, account i ng f or t he ci t y' s t ot al soil area of %, of whi ch> 200cm account ed f or 46. 7%, <l 50cm account ed f or % of t he t ot al soi l ar ea of the city. The maximumtemperature difference bet ween day and ni ght was 5 mont hs ( ). I n t he gr owi ng season of 4-9 mont hs, the daily difference was 13-16, whi ch was benef i ci al t o t he accumul at i on of phot osynt hat e. Ther ef or e, t he st udy f ound i n t he r egi on, "A Spl endor Ki ng" ( Phot o 8). A cl ust er of spl endens up t o 3m, pl exus di amet er of 3-4m. Spl endens ar e gener al l y di st r i but ed i n t he hi gher dunes and houses not f ar f r om t he pl ace,

6 mo s t l y s p o r a d i c o r s ma l l a r e a i n t o p i e c e s d i s t r i b u t i o n. Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e l o c a l vi l l ager s i nt r oduced, and some Achnat her um may have gr own mor e t han 50 year s, i s still healthy growth. He saw the grass in his teens, Now mor e t ha n 60 ye a r s ol d, i s s t i l l he r e. Phot o 7 A l ar ge s pl endi d Achnat her um splendens the crop Howe ve r, on t he ot he r ha nd, Li nhe Di s t r i c t i s l oc a t e d i n t he Ye l l ow Ri ve r a l l uvi a l pl ai n, el evat i on ~ 1 045m, t er r ai n f r om sout hwest t o nor t heast t i l t. Al l uvi a l pl a i n ne a r t he Ye l l ow Ri ve r s hor e a r e a i s t he r i ve r s l ow, di f f e r e nt wi dt h, ge ne r a l l y i n t he 150 ~ 5000m, hi ghe r t ha n t he Ye l l ow Ri ve r s ur f a c e 0. 5 ~ 1m, t he ground flat open. Some of the surface is fine sand, irrigation channels and t he Yel l ow Ri ver i s al so more sedi ment at i on of t he ol d course of sand, i n t he long wind erosion, the formation of many disc-shaped depression (commonly known as ge Bu) and sand dunes. The height of the moving sand dune is between 2mand 20m. Semi - fixed dunes generally high 1 ~ 1.5m, and wind erosion depressions and phase di st r i but i on, f i xed dune sl ow, undul at i ng, mul t i - gr owt h sand Peng, Tr i bul us terrestris and other drought- resistant pl ant s. Gener al depr essi on ar ea of 0. 5 ~ 2km2, deep 0. 5 ~ 1m, bet ween t he gr eat er and deeper. Wi nd er osi on depr essi on, t he ol d cour se of t he Yel l ow Ri ver l ef t over f r om t he nat ur al l evee and Fur ukawa lowlands, waste irrigation channels, product Phot o 8 Gr owi ng i n t he wa t e r of t he Ac hna t he r um s pl e nde ns i n Li nhe, I nne r Mo n g o l i a, l a k e s ( c o mmo n l y k n o wn a s Ha i z i ) f o r m t h e l a n d s c a p e o f ma n y l a k e s i n t h e pl ai n. Because of t hi s, al t hough t he ar ea i s ver y l i t t l e r ai nf al l, but t he soi l site conditions, especially wa t e r c ondi t i ons ma y not ne c e s s a r i l y poor. Gr oundwa t e r dept h: The vast maj or i t y of t he ci t y bel ow 150cm, account i ng f or t he ci t y' s t ot al soil area of %, of whi ch> 200cm account ed f or 46. 7%, <l 50cm account ed f or % of t he t ot al soi l ar ea of the ci t y. The maxi mum t emperat ure di fference bet ween day and ni ght was 5 mont hs ( ). I n t he gr owi ng season of 4-9 mont hs, the daily difference was 13-16, whi c h wa s be ne f i c i a l t o t he accumul at i on of phot osynt hat e. Ther ef or e, t he s t udy f ound i n t he region, "A Spl endor Ki ng" ( Phot o 8). A cl ust er of spl endens up t o 3m, pl exus di amet er of 3-4m. Spl endens ar e gener al l y di s t r i but ed in the higher dunes and houses not far fromthe place, mostly sporadic or smal l ar ea i nt o pi eces di st r i but i on. Accor di ng t o t he local vi l l agers i nt roduced, and some Achnatherummay have grown mo r e t h a n 5 0 y e a r s, i s s t i l l heal t hy gr owt h. He saw t he gr ass i n hi s t eens, Now mor e t ha n 60 ye a r s ol d, i s s t i l l he r e. 3 Achnat herum spl endens reproduct i on

7 Phot o 9 Achnat her um spikes with seeds The mai n pur pose of t hi s s t udy i s t o under st and t he char act er i st i cs of Achnat her um spl endens seed t o be ar t i f i ci al l y pr opagat ed. For t he appl i cat i on of Achnat herum spl endens i n t he sol i d sl ope t o creat e t he condi t i ons. Inner Mongol i a fel l ow sai d Achnat herum seed i n t he Dew aft er t he mat ure (ie, September 7 this year), the study is before and aft er. At t hat t i me some of t he seeds have mat ured, dark brown. Some are st i l l i n t he grout i ng peri od. On t he whol e, Achnat herum seed i s ver y l i ght, smal l, spi ndl e- shaped, about 3mm, width 0. 8mm(Photo 9). As a r e s ul t, t he gr ai n wei ght was onl y g [ 2]. So i t i s di f f i cul t t o col l ect t hem. And some spi kes whi ch seem t o have no ma t u r e s e e d s. I n a d d i t i o n, t h e g r o wt h o f Ac h n a t h e r u m s p l e n d e n s, t h e surface also found some round seed accumulation, diameter of about 3cm, t he cent er of an ani mal cavi t y, may be caused by ant s f eedi ng. For t he s hel l f ound on t he s eeds s pr out s hel l pr ovi des evi dence. Thi s i s t he pr ol i f er at i on of Achnat her um adds uncer t ai nt y. And Ac hna t he r um ge r mi na t i on by t he t e mpe r a t ur e l i mi t, the best [3]. Also pay attention to sowing depth should be 1.5cm, temperature in 25/15 and t o keep t he soi l moi st more t han 10 days [2]. In order to further find out the method of reproduction of Achnatherumsplendens, I selected partners in Shanxi, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, hoping to harvest seeds in the local, planting experiments, gain experience in order to promote. After the success of seed propagation and then seedlings transplanted, because the old seed me t a b o l i s m i s p o o r, n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t r a nspl ant at i on. 3 Achnat her um spl endens reproduction The mai n pur pose of t hi s s t udy i s t o under s t and t he char act er i s t i cs of Achnat her um splendens seed to be artificially propagated. For the application of Achnatherum splendens in the solid slope to create the conditions. Inner Mongolia fellow said Ac hna t he r um s e e d i n t he De w a f t e r t he ma t ur e ( i e, Se pt e mbe r 7 t hi s ye a r ), t he s t udy i s bef or e and af t er. At t hat t i me some of t he seeds have mat ur ed, dar k br own. Some ar e still in the grouting period. On the whole, Achnatherumseed is very light, small, spindle-shaped, about 3mm, width 0. 8mm(Photo 9). As a result, the gr ai n wei ght wa s onl y g [ 2]. So i t i s di f f i c ul t t o c ol l e c t t he m. And s ome s pi ke s whi c h s e e m t o have no mat ur e seeds. I n addi t i on, t he gr owt h of Achnat her um spl endens, t he sur f ace al so found some round seed accumul at i on, di amet er of about 3cm, t he cent er of an ani mal cavi t y, may be caused by ant s feedi ng. For t he shel l found on t he seeds sprout shell provi des evi dence. Thi s i s t he pr ol i f er at i on of Achnat her um adds uncer t ai nt y. And Ac hna t he r um ge r mi na t i on by t he t e mpe r a t ur e l i mi t, t he be s t t e mpe r a t ur e i n 25/ 15 [3]. Also pay attention to sowing depth should be 1.5cm, and to keep the soil moist mo r e t h a n 10 days [ 2]. In order to further find out the method of reproduction of Achnatherumsplendens, I selected partners in Shanxi, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, hoping to harvest seeds in the local, planting experiments, gain experience in order to promote. After the success of seed propagation and then seedlings transplanted, because the old seed me t a b o l i s m i s p o o r, n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n. References Wa n g K, , Ac h n a t h e r u m s p l e n d e n s wa t e r a n d s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t h e pr el i mi nar y st udy, soil and water conservation research, 8 (2), p We i Do n g, Wa n g Ya n r o n g, , Ac h n a t h e r u m s p l e n d e n s s e e d g e r mi n a t i o n t e s t me t h o d s, gr ass sci ence, 1998 ( 8), p29-31 Li u Ji t ang, 1998, Achnat her um spl endens ar t i f i ci al

8 br eedi ng cul t i vat i on t echnol ogy r esearch, Shihezi Science and Technology, 1998,5, p