Nanotechnology: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Dr. Michelle Paquette

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1 Nanotechnology: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Dr. Michelle Paquette Graduate Student Seminar Series February 10, 2012 AFM Tip Image Credit: Felice Frankal, from No Small Matter by G.M. Whitesides and F. C. Frankal, Harvard University Press, 2009.

2 My Background Molecular Switches 2

3 My Background Molecular Switches M. M. Paquette, PhD Thesis, University of Victoria, 2010 ( tbp => to be published soon, I hope!) 3

4 A Brief (and Inevitably Biased) History

Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1959 Talk given by Richard Feynman, December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech Published in: Caltech Eng.

What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.

5 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1959 Talk given by Richard Feynman, December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech Published in: Caltech Eng. and Science, 23(5) 1960, I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle. What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale. The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 was awarded jointly to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". 5

6 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1959 Talk given by Richard Feynman, December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech Published in: Caltech Eng. and Science, 23(5) 1960, Miniaturizing the Computer I don't know how to do this on a small scale in a practical way, but I do know that computing machines are very large; they fill rooms. Why can't we make them very small, make them of little wires, little elements and by little, I mean little. For instance, the wires should be 10 or 100 atoms in diameter, and the circuits should be a few thousand angstroms across. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 was awarded jointly to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". 5

7 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1959 Talk given by Richard Feynman, December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech Published in: Caltech Eng. and Science, 23(5) 1960, Small Machines A friend of mine (Albert R. Hibbs) suggests a very interesting possibility for relatively small machines. He says that, although it is a very wild idea, it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon. You put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into the heart and "looks" around. It finds out which valve is the faulty one and takes a little knife and slices it out. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 was awarded jointly to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". 5

8 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1959 Talk given by Richard Feynman, December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech Published in: Caltech Eng. and Science, 23(5) 1960, Atoms in a Small World When we get to the very, very small world say circuits of seven atoms we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent completely new opportunities for design. Atoms on a small scale behave like nothing on a large scale, for they satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics. So, as we go down and fiddle around with the atoms down there, we are working with different laws, and we can expect to do different things. We can manufacture in different ways. We can use, not just circuits, but some system involving the quantized energy levels, or the interactions of quantized spins, etc. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 was awarded jointly to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". 5

9 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1959 Talk given by Richard Feynman, December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech Published in: Caltech Eng. and Science, 23(5) 1960, A Hundred Tiny Hands It doesn't cost anything for materials, you see. So I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously, drilling holes, stamping parts, and so on. As we go down in size, there are a number of interesting problems that arise. All things do not simply scale down in proportion. There is the problem that materials stick together by the molecular (Van der Waals) attractions. It would be like this: After you have made a part and you unscrew the nut from a bolt, it isn't going to fall down because the gravity isn't appreciable ( ). There will be several problems of this nature that we will have to be ready to design for. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 was awarded jointly to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". 5

First Use of the Term Nanotechnology 1974 Norio Taniguchi (Tokyo University) publishes "On the Basic Concept of Nano-Technology (Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng.

10 First Use of the Term Nanotechnology 1974 Norio Taniguchi (Tokyo University) publishes "On the Basic Concept of Nano-Technology (Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974.) Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule. Nano-technology is the production technology to get the extra high accuracy and ultra-fine dimensions, i.e., the preciseness and fineness of the order of 1 nm (nanometer) in length. 6

11 Molecular Rectifier Proposed 1974 Aviram and Ratner (pictured left) pioneered the field of molecular electronics. Image adaptation by: Kashimura and Goto, NTT Technical Review, 2009, 7 (8). 7

12 First Pub in Molecular Nanotechnology

Invention of the STM 1981 The scanning tunneling

half awarded to Ernst Ruska"for his fundamental

first electron microscope", the other half jointly

13 Invention of the STM 1981 The scanning tunneling microscope was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zürich. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 was divided, one half awarded to Ernst Ruska"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope", the other half jointly to Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope". 9

14 Discovery of Buckyballs 1985 Uncle Buck s famous cheeseball The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 was awarded jointly to Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley "for their discovery of fullerenes". 10

15 Engines of Creation 1986 Inspired by evolution Assemblers (ribosomes) and replicators (RNA) Cheap manufacturing Molecular machines to directly repair cells Environmental cleanup; carbon sequestration Free html version: 11

16 Invention of the AFM

17 The Legendary IBM Logo 1989

18 Carbon Nanotubes

$strength of steel and only a fraction of the weight; shrinking all the information$ at the Library of Congress into a device the size of a sugar cube; detecting

at the Library of Congress into a device the size of a sugar cube; detecting

19 National Nanotechnology Initiative 2000 [imagine] materials with 10 times the strength of steel and only a fraction of the weight; shrinking all the information at the Library of Congress into a device the size of a sugar cube; detecting cancerous tumors that are only a few cells in size -President Bill Clinton, January

20 Nanotechnology Explosion 2000 s Nanocar Kudernac et al., Nature, 479 (2011) 208. DNA Origami Han et al., Science, 332 (2011) 342. Graphene transistors Wu et al., Nature, 472 (2011)

21 Nanotechnology Explosion 2000 s Publications with Nanotechnology in their title, Web of Science, January Stigma? Engines of Creation/ STM Invention NNI 17

applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.

22 Nanotechnology, Schmanotechnology What IS nanotechnology? A semantics issue The NNI: Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. Whitesides [Small, 1 (2005) 172] Nanoscience is the emerging science of objects that are intermediate in size between the largest molecules and the smallest structures that can be fabricated by current photolithography; that is, the science of objects with smallest dimensions ranging from a few nanometers to less than 100 nanometers. 18

Nanotechnology, Schmanotechnology What IS nanotechnology? Key Areas of NNI Funding: 1. Fundamental Phenomena & Processes Tunneling Quantum dots, nanoparticles 2.

23 Nanotechnology, Schmanotechnology What IS nanotechnology? Key Areas of NNI Funding: 1. Fundamental Phenomena & Processes Tunneling Quantum dots, nanoparticles 2. Nanomaterials Materials structured at the nanoscale 3. Nanoscale Devices & Systems Molecular electronics State-of-the-art transistors 4. Nanomanufacturing Self-assembly Some other Definitions Miniaturization vs Monumentalization Joachim and Plévert [Nanoscience: The Invisible Revolution, World Scientific, 2009, Hackensack, NJ] Evolutionary vs Revolutionary Whitesides [Small, 1 (2005) 172] Near-Term Nanotechnology vs Molecular Nanotechnology (aka Molecular Nanomanufacturing or Molecular Machine Systems) Peterson [IEEE Tech. and Soc. Magazine (2004) 9] 19

Molecular Nanomanufacturing Drexler s original vision 1986 1992

dissipation Surface effects Adhesive interfaces Forcible

24 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Drexler s original vision Positional uncertainty Photochemical damage Placement errors Energy dissipation Surface effects Adhesive interfaces Forcible mechanochemical processes Stiff, high gear-ratio mechanisms Cooling and computational capacity 20

25 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Drexler s current vision

Molecular Nanomanufacturing Public opinion the gray goo

when Wired Magazine publishes his article Why the future doesn

On Gray Goo It is most of all the power of destructive

which uses the machinery of the cell to replicate its designs,

26 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Public opinion the gray goo scenario Bill Joy popularizes the gray goo doomsday scenario when Wired Magazine publishes his article Why the future doesn t need us. On Gray Goo It is most of all the power of destructive self-replication in genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR) that should give us pause. Self-replication is the modus operandi of genetic engineering, which uses the machinery of the cell to replicate its designs, and the prime danger underlying the gray goo in nanotechnology. Issue 8.04, April 2000 Another gray goo horror story from the popular press. First publised in 2002.

27 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Controversies Smalley argues: Sticky fingers Real chemistry Drexler counters: Attacking straw man Discounting possibility to allay public fears of nanobots 23

28 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The plausibility synthesis of protein by a ribosome Image courtesy of Wikipedia. 24

Molecular Nanomanufacturing Soft vs hard Hard Aka mechanosynthesis Mechanically guided chemical synthesis based on mechanical engineering principles extended to the nanoscale.

29 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Soft vs hard Hard Aka mechanosynthesis Mechanically guided chemical synthesis based on mechanical engineering principles extended to the nanoscale. Soft An approach that applies principles from molecular biochemistry and synthetic chemistry in a predominantly solution-phase environment in which Brownian motion is a central force. 25

30 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality atomic layer deposition Image from: 26

31 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality atomic layer deposition Image from: 27

32 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Chemical imaging Gross et al., The Chemical Structure of a Molecule Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy, Science 325 (2009)

33 Molecular Nanomanufacturing Chemical imaging Sugimoto et al., Chemical identification of individual surface atoms by atomic force microscopy, Nature 446 (2007)

34 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality inducing chemical reactions Hla et al., Inducing All Steps of a Chemical Reaction with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope Tip: Towards Single Molecule Engineering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000)

35 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality complex atomic patterning (at RT) Sugimoto et al., Complex Patterning by Vertical Interchange Atomic Manipulation Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Science 322 (2008)

36 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality structural DNA and RNA Pinheiro et al., Challenges and opportunities for structural DNA nanotechnology, Nature Nanotechnology (2011) 6,

37 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality manipulation of molecules on surfaces Gu et al., A proximity-based programmable DNA nanoscale assembly line, Nature (2010) 465,

38 Molecular Nanomanufacturing The reality manipulation of molecules on surfaces Artist s rendition Molecular robots on nano-assembly lines, RSC, Chemistry World, 12 May 2010, 34

39 Molecular Electronics The competition Moore s Law: The number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every 18 months. G. E. Moore, Electronics (1965) 38. Schwierz, Graphene Transistors, Nature Nanotechnology 5 (2010)

Calculations per second per $1000 Molecular Electronics The competition Moore s Law: The number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles

40 Calculations per second per $1000 Molecular Electronics The competition Moore s Law: The number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every 18 months R. Kurzweil (1999) Year G. E. Moore, Electronics (1965)

41 Molecular Electronics The single molecule approach Aviram and Ratner, Molecular Rectifiers, Chemical Physics Letters, 29 (1974). Forrest Carter, NRL, early 80 s Reed, Tour, et al., Conductance of a Molecular Junction, Science, 278 (1997) 252. Arieh Aviram, IBM, late 80 s & 90s 36

42 Molecular Electronics The single molecule approach Many Challenges make contacts to single molecules achieve reproducible results model statistical response Nitzan and Ratner, Electron Transport in Molecular Wire Junctions, Science 300 (2003)

43 Molecular Electronics The single molecule approach Lafferentz et al. Conductance of a Single Conjugated Polymer as a Continuous Function of Its Length, Science 323 (2009)

44 Molecular Electronics The chemists approach de Silva and Uchiyama, Molecular logic and computing, Nature Nanotechnology 2 (2007)

45 Molecular Electronics Graphene and CNTs get a mention in the ITRS! Franklin et al. (IBM), Sub-10 nm Carbon Nanotube Transistor, Nano Letters 12 (2012)

46 National Nanotechnology Initiative What are they funding?

47 National Nanotechnology Initiative What are they funding?

48 On Regulation Often things are most easily demonstrated by view of an analogy. Let us consider the field of metretechnology, defined here as research and technology development at the length scale of approximately m. If regulatory demands on nanotechnology were mirrored in this new field, the metretechnologist would be required to do the following (on the basis of recommendations first published by the European Environmental Agency): provide long-term environmental and health monitoring, and research into early warnings; systematically scrutinize claimed benefits and risks; identify and work to reduce scientific blind spots and knowledge gaps; and account fully for the assumptions and values of different social groups. 42

Outlook What is the outlook for revolutionary (vs evolutionary) nanotechnology? Consider the antiparallelism of science and engineering? Study physical world to produce new theories and models.

49 Outlook What is the outlook for revolutionary (vs evolutionary) nanotechnology? Consider the antiparallelism of science and engineering? Study physical world to produce new theories and models. Science Engineering Use scientific discoveries to design products and processes to serve a purpose. (conceptual/exploratory engineering vs detail engineering) Technology Produced through engineered designs. Accepted by society. Consider: -building a jet -the atomic bomb -the semiconductor industry 43

50 Discussion Questions How should nanotechnology be defined? Does it matter? What is the outlook for revolutionary nanotechnologies? How can science & engineering be massively coordinated toward a common goal? 44

CSCI 2570 Introduction to Nanocomputing

CSCI 2570 Introduction to Nanocomputing The Emergence of Nanotechnology John E Savage Purpose of the Course The end of Moore s Law is in sight. Researchers are now exploring replacements for standard methods