There s plenty of room at the bottom! - R.P. Feynman, Nanostructure: a piece of material with at least one dimension less than 100 nm in extent.
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1 Nanostructures and Nanotechnology There s plenty of room at the bottom! - R.P. Feynman, 1959 Materials behave differently when structured at the nm scale than they do in bulk. Technologies now exist that allow engineering of materials on the nanometer scale. Nanostructured materials are useful now, and will be phenomenally more so in the near future. Fundamental overlap between physics, chemistry, biology. Current situation may be similar to that of electronics in ~ Nanostructure: a piece of material with at least one dimension less than 100 nm in extent. Sizes of things 10-4 m Diameter of human hair 10-5 m 10-6 m 10-7 m Visible light wavelengths Intel s newest transistor Diameter of red blood cell 10-8 m 10-9 m Diameter of DNA, nanotubes m Bohr diameter Hair image from Patterns in Nature site at LSU; blood cell from osmosis webpage at Maricopa.edu 3
2 Where are we now? Microelectronics Magnetoelectronics Photonics Micromechanics Bio-nano interaction Where are we going and why? Nano- and molecular electronics Spin-tronics Nanophotonics Micromechanics Bio-nano interaction Leaving out: much chemistry, polymer science, molecular biology Microelectronics: Moore s (1st) law Typical lateral feature size on an integrated circuit is reduced in size by a factor of 2 roughly every 18 months. N per CPU 1e+09 1e+08 1e+07 1e feature size [microns] year year Data from Intel s website 4
3 Microelectronics Typical metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET): Features defined by photolithography, etching, and controlled diffusion of impurities. Channel length L ~ 90 nm. source n-doped gate L p-doped Oxide, thickness = t drain n-doped Oxide thickness t ~ 2 nm. State-of-the-art, : L ~ 65 nm, t ~ 1.2 nm. 2007: L ~ 45 nm, high-k Problems coming: Tunneling, leakage, t 0, finite size effects TEM images from Intel s website Photonics: LEDs Ability to grow materials like GaAs and AlGaAs with atomic precision means engineering of properties to tailor optical emission. Example: double heterostructure LED. p-type AlGaAs n-type AlGaAs Figure from SPIE, OE Reports, December
4 Photonics: Solid State Lasers and Bragg reflectors Diode lasers Dielectric mirrors Quantum cascade lasers Band-gap engineering 35 nm Figure from Parry and Khan, Oxford University Mat. Sci. Figure from Bell Labs Magnetoelectronics: giant magnetoresistance (GMR) Sub-nm normal metal layer thickness drastically controls magnetic properties of stack. Resistance of (I) is ~50% lower than (II). Discovered in 1988; in consumer products by 1993! FM N FM I. II. Figure from IBM-Almaden 6
5 Bio-nano: DNA manipulation Molecular biologists have developed many tools for manipulating DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, ribonucleic acid. With specialized macromolecules like DNA, fine line between biochemistry and nanoengineering. Can now purchase sequences made to order! Can functionalize inorganic surfaces to allow DNA binding. Can pick out specific sequences and bulk produce them at the expense of others (PCR). Bio-nano: gene chip Images from Affymetrix. 7
6 Tools: lithography Image from Rimberg group. Basic patterning technique: drawing in polymer followed by chemical development. Photolithography can make ~ 80 nm features using phase contrast masks and chemically amplified resists. Electron beam lithography can make ~ 20 nm features. Image from Intel. Tools: atomic force microscopy Hafner and Lieber. Omicron.de AFM (1986) allows imaging of surface topography with sub-nm z resolution, and lateral resolution (usually) limited by radius of curvature of tip. With single-walled nanotube tips, resolution ~ 1nm is possible! Under certain conditions, atomic resolution may be achieved. Surface manipulation also possible through mechanical force or electrochemistry. Images from Dai at Stanford. 8
7 Tools: scanning tunneling microscopy STM (1986) allows imaging of surface topography of conductors with atomic resolution. Surface manipulation also possible. May also be used as atomicresolution probe of local electronic states. Images from Eigler at IBM. Images from Cees Dekker. Tools: material deposition Several tools for atomic-scale layer deposition of material. Molecular Beam Epitaxy is a great example. Image from Ohno group in Japan. Image from Schlom at PSU. 9
8 Where are we going? Ideas / lab demonstrations now Potential industrial importance over the next ten years. What are the drivers? New physics makes old methods no longer apply. New physics allows advantages in new methods. Economics! Nanoelectronics: single-electron devices Possible to make transistors switched by single electrons. Coulomb blockade physics is relevant. Requires very small sizes (few nm) to get behavior at 300 K. Images from Chou at Princeton. 10
9 Nanoelectronics: molecular electronics Proposes (Aviram & Ratner, 1974) to use small numbers of molecules as active circuit elements. A number of challenges: the wiring problem, speed, low currents, sensitivity to impurities. Some recent progress: Image from IBM. Image from McEuen Cornell. Image from Ralph Cornell. Photonics: photonic band gaps Nanometer control of materials makes possible 3d manipulation of light. Applications include optical waveguides and switching. Image from Sandia National Lab. Image from Joannopoulous at MIT. 11
10 Photonics: Si laser (!) Image from Nature 433, 691 (2005). Potential for Si-based optical interconnects! Still requires large optical pump. Spin-tronics: spin transistor Much interest in using spin of electrons as well as their charge. Relevant question: how far does spin polarization survive? Image from Das Sarma at Maryland / Am. Sci.. 12
11 Spin-tronics: spin Hall effect Possibility of dissipationless spin currents! Images from Awschalom at UCSB Bio-nano: interface with nanomaterials New nanomaterials may be used in vitro for medical purposes. Nanoshells as cancer therapy. Image from Halas group. CdS nanocrystals as fluorophores for medical research. Image from Schmidt/Korgel, UT Austin. Interfacing biomolecules with inorganic electronic materials. Image from Belcher, MIT. 13
12 New tools: nanomaterials Titania particles for catalysis in environmental cleanup. Nanotube fibers for light-strong construction. Image from Colvin group. Science 309, 1215 (2005) New tools: self-assembly Self-organization may be one key to mass fabrication at the nanometer scale. Dysprosium Silicide nanowires on Si Lamellar structure of diblock copolymer Image from Stan Williams at HP Labs. Image from Ulrich Wiesner at Cornell. 14
13 Conclusions Nanostructured systems are already having a dramatic impact on our lives. As control over materials at the nm scale improves and more fundamental science is done, nanoscience has the potential to drastically change our lives, on a par with the electronics revolution of the last 60 years. 15
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