Index. Best estimate procedure to calculate

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Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual by H. G. Fisher, H. S. Forrest, S. S. Grossel, J. E. Huflf, A. R. Müller, J.

1 Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual by H. G. Fisher, H. S. Forrest, S. S. Grossel, J. E. Huflf, A. R. Müller, J. A. Noronha, D. A. Shaw and B. J. Tilley Copyright 1992 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Index A All-liquid effluent, 32 All-vapor effluent, 32 Approximate equilibrium-rate (ERM) flow model, 73-74, Approxi mate homogeneous-nonequi librium model, Area : charge method for emergency relief system design, top vent testhop ERS devioe, , bottom vent test/top or bottom ERS dwice, Area reduction with presswe recovery, hypothetical, B Baroay correlation and pipe flow, 83,M Best estimate procedure to calculate hvo-phase vapor-liquid flow onwdisengagement, Blowdown drum cydone with integral catchtank, cydone with separate catchtank, 315, disposal of vapors from, horizontal, ,3%321 multireactor, 318, n-top. 316,326 quencher, 317, sizing of, Blowdown load considerations, 363 Bottom-vented vessels, estimating void fraction for, 34 Bubble rise velocity, 7-10,27 Bubbly onsevdisengagement vessel model, 7-10,27,28 coupling equation and, C Catchtanks mechanical design, 333 safety considerations, 333 Choked/aitical flow, Chum-turbulent onsevdisengagement vessel model. 8-10,27-29 coupling equation and Complete vapor-liquid disengagement model, 16 Complex fluids, Containment, pressure relief system design and, Coupling equation, 5-8,17-19 Cydone knock-out , integral catchtank, ,325 separate catchtank, 315, D DEERS computer program for emergency relief system design,

534 Index DIERS (Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems) experimental program observations, 13-3- 169 DIERS bench-scale apparatus, 365-448 limitation of previous test equipment, 366

2 534 Index DIERS (Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems) experimental program observations, DIERS bench-scale apparatus, limitation of previous test equipment, 366 requirements, DIERS high viscosity relief flow tests, large-scale pol ystyrene-ethylbenzene bottom-vented tests large-scale rubber cement tests, project overview, 291 small-sale rubber cement bottom-vented tests, 293 DIERS large-sale integral tests analysis of, comparison with other models, discussion of results, program description, program objectives, 138 test configurations, test results, DIERS model choice for pipe friction factor, Dimensionless superficial vapor velocity Discharge of vapors from separatorkatchtank, to atmosphere, to flare stack or incinerator through scrubber, 330 through vent condenser, 3-30 Disposal, pressure relief system design and, Duct entrancedshort tubes, Duct expansion, 80 Dynamic load factor, 349 E Effluent with partial disengagement, Emergency pressure relief of vessels, energy and material balance derivations, Emergency relief system (ERS) design analytical methodsfn nomograph, 376, area : charge scaling, , DEERS computer program, experimental sizing, experimental safety considerations, 382 Fauske analytical methods, flashing (choked) flow-approximate ERM model, 73-74, flashing (choked) flow-generalized HEQ correlation, 4004Q4 flashing (unchokedynonflashing (unchoked) flow, hung analytical methods, mixed flashing and nonflashing flow, 411 nonflashing (unchoked) flowincompressible Bernoulli equation, Emergency relief system sizing remnmendations, for fire exposure, safety considerations, 382 calculation considerations, thermal stability testing and data adjustment, onsevdisengagement behavior testing, ,393-3% flow rate calculationlvisaxity characterization, 375, Fauske analytical methodsfai nomograph, Energy balance, evaluation of internal energy function, 44 ideal gasfincompressible liquid case, simplification for small feed and effluent flows, 43 simplification for uniform vessel conditions, 4-W4 Equilibrium flash calculations, Equilibrium flow, 53 Equilibrium-rate (ERM) flow model, 68-73, approximate, 73-74, example problems, Experimental safety considerations in ERS design, 382

3 F Fauske analytical methods, Fire exposure and emergency relief system design, Flashing (choked) flow-approximate ERM model, 73-74, Flashing (choked) flow-generalized HEQ correlation, Flashing (unchoked) flow, Flashing (unchoked)/nonflashing (unchoked) flow, Flow computations, thermophysical property requirements, 104 Flow path length, 74 Flow ntehriscosity characterization testing, flashing (choked) flow-approximate ERM equation, 73-74, flashing (choked) flow-generalized HEQ correlation, 4OO-404 flashing (unchoked) flow, flashing (unchoked)/nonflashing (unchoked) flow, mixed flashing and nonflashing flow, 411 nonflashing (unchoked) flowincompressible Bernoulli equation, Fluid behavior in venting vessels, all-liquid effluent, 32 all-vapor effluent, 32 effluent with partial disengagement, homogeneous (ngslip) effluent, void fraction, Foamy two-fluid model, JAYCOR, 20 G Gassy/nontempered readion, 376 General flow equation(s) energy balance, 60 momentum balance, 60 slip flow, two-phase speci fic vd umes, H Henr y-fauske homogeneous-nonequilbrium (HNE) flow model. 6668, High viscosity flashing two-phase flow, 57, general discussion, necessity for mnservatism, recommended design practices, special considerations, 290 uncertainties, Holdup model for pipe fridion factor, Homogeneous-equilibnum (HEM) flow model, example problems, Homogeneous flow, 53,84436 Homogeneous-frmn flow model, 69, 119 Homogeneous-nonequilibrium model, example problems, , Homogeneous (no-slip) effluent, Homogeneous onsevdisengagement vessel model; 6,32-33 Hybridhontempered reaction, Hybridhempered reaction, 375 I Internal energy alternate formulation of, 45 and venting calculations, J JAYCOR DEERS computer program, 3641 foamy two-fluid model nonfoamy two-fluid model, two-fluid model, K hodt4ut drums, , , see ako specific types L Laminar pipe flow, hung analytical methods for emergency relief system design,

4 Method I-vdatile/tempered reaction, Method II-hybridhempered reaction, Method IIl-hybrid/nontempered or gassyhontempered reactions, , Liquid swell, 25 variables affecting, 527 Lodrhardt-Martinelli slip correlation, Long-pipe models, sample problems, Low-pressure reclosing devices, 93 M Material and energy balance derivations, Maximum (critical) flow, Mechanical design of pressure relief systems, catchtank mechanical design, 333 catchtank safety considerations, 333 vent piping considerations, Mixed flashing and nonflashing flow, 411 Modified Schrock model, example problem, Momentum balance. 60 Multireactor knock-out drum with catchtank, 318,32&329 N Newtonian flow, rupture disk system, safety relief valve system, Nonboiling height onset/disengagement vessel model, coupling equation and, Nonequilibrium flow, Non flashi ng (unchoked) flow-incompressible Bernoulli equations, Nonfoamy two-fluid model, JAYCOR, Non-Newtonian fluids, pipe flow for, , Nmle(s) discharge coefficients, flow models, 61-77, Numerical integration, 89 0 OnseVdisengagement behavior testing, ,393-3% OnseVdisengagement vessel model, 10-16, Orifice plates, 77-78, P Pipe entrance sections. model parameters, Pipe friction factor, Baroczy correlation and pipe flow, DIERS model choice general flow equation, 81 holdup model, homogeneous model, 8446 Lockhard 1-Mar ti nel I i correlation, Reynolds number and, Pipe flow for non-newtonian (power-law) fluids, , Pressure relief system flow, complex fluids, %97 miscellaneous devices, 95 networks, 95 recommended design methods, rupture disk systems, 95 sample problems 11S-130 typical installation, 90 valve capacity, valve stability, Q Quality, 30-31,52 Quencher knodr-out drum with catchtank, R Reaction force equations,

5 Reaction forces, general, 334 Reaction forces from rupture disk discharge, 34S361 dynamic load fador, 361 venting of gases, venting of liquids, 352 venting of two-phase mixtures, Reaction forces on safety valve naaledpiping, dynamic load factor, 349 venting of gases, venting of liquids, 341 venting of two-phase mixtures, Relief system flow calculations, background technology, Reynolds number area ratio effects and, 77 pipe friction factor and, Rupture disk application to pressure relief systems, 94 pipe flow, 53-54,95 readion forces from discharge, 34S361 transient effects of reaction forces, S Safety relief valve see ako Pressure relief system flow associated piping, 92 naule flow, 57-58,61-77, outlet size restrictions, reaction foms on, stability, SAFIRE computer program for emergency relief sizing, architecture, chemical reactions, 4-1 computer routines in, external heat fluxes, flash calculations, 4 5 m mass and energy balances, overview, vent flow calmlations, vessel hydrodynamics, 4 6 M Sample problems for pressure relief system flow, Sharp reductions, Short-pipe models, sample problems, Slip flow, 58-59,82-86 Stagnation conditions, 52 Subcooled liquid flow, 57, Superfiaal vapor veld ty, T Thermal stability testing, data adjustment, Thermophysical property requirements for flow computation, 104 Thrust restraint design, 362 Top-biased vap generation, Top-vented vessels, estimating void fraction for, Transient effects of reaction forces, rupture disks, phase blowdown example, Two-phase liquids, general flow equations, ?ko-phase specific volume, 5%59-0-phase vapor-liquid flow onsev disengagement best estimate procedure to calculate, experimental procedure to differentiate, 26,393-3% DIERS calculation methodology for, U Uniform vapor generation, 11 V Vapor disengagement dynamics, 1,2541 design considerations, 2 Vapor holdup, 52 Vapor-liquid equilibrium, Vapor-liquid slip, -30 Vapors from separatorlcatchtank, discharge of,

6 538 Index Vent flow models, 16 Vena contracts area, 77-78, Vent piping mnsiderations, Venting of gases, , and internal energy calculations, -9 of liquids, 341,352 of two-phase mixtures, , Vessel flow models, 6-16 Void fraction, alternatives for calculating estimating for bottom-vented vessels, 34 estimating for topvented vessels, 31 Watilehempered reaction, 375

Comparison among Three Prediction Methods for Safety Valves Design in Two-Phase Flow in the case of a Small Valve

Comparison among Three Prediction Methods for Safety Valves Design in Two-Phase Flow in the case of a Small Valve Gino Boccardi a, Roberto Bubbico b, Gian Piero Celata a, Fausto Di Tosto c and Raniero