CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
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1 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER SECOND EDITION Adrian Bejan J. A. Jones Professor of Mechanical Engineering Duke University Durham, North Carolina A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBUCATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore
2 List of Symbols xxi 1 Fundamental Principles Mass conservation / Force balances (momentum equations) / The first law of thermodynamics / The second law of thermodynamics / The rules of scale analysis / Heatlines for visualizing convection / 21 References / 23 Problems / 24 2 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow The fundamental problem in convective heat transfer / The concept of boundary layer / Velocity and thermal boundary layers / Integral Solutions / Similiarity Solutions / Themethod / The flow Solution / The heat transfer Solution / Other wall heating conditions / Unheated starting length / Arbitrary wall temperature / Uniform heat flux / Film temperature / The effect of longitudinal pressure gradient: Flow past a wedge, and Stagnation flow / The effect of flow through the wall: Blowing and suction / 63 xiii
3 XiV CONTENTS 2.9 The effect of conduction across a solid coating deposited on the wall / Entropy generation minimization in laminar boundary layer flow / The heatlines in laminar boundary layer flow / 72 References / 76 Problems / 78 3 Laminar Duct Flow Hydrodynamic entrance length / Fully developed flow / Hydraulic diameter and pressure drop / Heat transfer to fully developed duct flow / Mean temperature / Fully developed temperature profile / Uniform wall heat flux / Uniform wall temperature / Tube surrounded by isothermal fluid / Heat transfer to developing flow / Scale analysis / Thermally developed uniform (slug) flow / Thermally developing Hagen-Poiseuille flow / Thermally and hydraulically developing flow / The optimal cooling of a Stack of parallel heat generating boards / The heatlines in fully developed duct flow / The optimal duct shape for minimum flow resistance / 139 References / 142 Problems / External Natural Convection Natural convection versus forced convection / Laminar boundary layer equations / Scale analysis / High-Pr fluids / Low-Pr fluids / Observations / Integral Solution / High-Pr fluids / Low-Pr fluids / 170
4 XV 4.5 Similarity Solution / Uniform wall heat flux / The effect of thermal stratification / Conjugate boundary layers / Vertical Channel flow / Combined natural and forced convection (mixed convection) / Heat transfer results including the effect of turbulence / Vertical walls / Inclined walls / Horizontal walls / Horizontal cylinder / Sphere / Vertical cylinder / Other immersed bodies / The optimal cooling of a Stack of vertical heat generating boards / 202 References / 205 Problems / 209 Internal Natural Convection Transient heating from the side / Scale analysis / Criterion for distinct vertical layers / Criterion for distinct horizontal jets / The boundary layer regime / The shallow enclosure limit / Summary of results for heating from the side / Isothermal side walls / Side walls with uniform heat flux / Partially divided enclosures / Triangulär enclosures / Enclosures heated from below / Inclined enclosures / Annular space between horizontal cylinders / Annular space between concentric spheres / 259 References / 260 Problems / 263 Transition to Turbulence Empirical transition data / The scaling laws of transition / 270
5 XVI CONTENTS 6.3 The buckling of inviscid streams / The local Reynolds number criterion for transition / The instability of inviscid flow / 281 References / 287 Problems / Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow The large-scale structure / The time-averaged equations / The boundary layer equations / The mixing length model / The velocity distribution / Wall friction in boundary layer flow / Heat transfer in boundary layer flow / Theory of heat transfer in turbulent boundary layer flow / Other external flows / Single cylinder in cross-flow / Sphere / Other body shapes / Arrays of cylinders in cross-flow / Natural convection along vertical walls / 331 References / 335 Problems / Turbulent Duct Flow Velocity distribution / Friction factor and pressure drop / Heat-transfer coefficient / Total heat transfer rate / Isothermal wall / Uniform wall heating / More refined turbulence modeis / The heatlines in turbulent flow near a wall / 361 References / 364 Problems / Free Turbulent Flows Free shear layers / Features of the free turbulent flow model / The velocity distribution / The structure of free turbulent flows / The temperature distribution / 378
6 XVII 9.2 Jets / Two-dimensional jets / Round jets / Jet in density stratified reservoir / Plumes / The round plume and the entrainment hypothesis / The pulsating frequency of pool fires / The geometric similarity of free turbulent flows / Thermal wakes behind concentrated sources / 398 References / 400 Problems / Convection with Change of Phase Condensation / Laminar film on a vertical surface / Turbulent film on a vertical surface / Film condensation in other configurations / Drop condensation / Boiling / Pool boiling regimes / Nucleate boiling and peak heat flux / Film boiling and minimum heat flux / Flow boiling / Contact melting and lubrication / Plane surfaces with relative motion / Other contact melting configurations / Scale analysis and correlation / Melting due to viscous heating in the liquid film / Melting by natural convection / The transition from the conduction regime to the convection regime / The quasisteady convection regime / The horizontal spreading of the melt layer / 452 References / 455 Problems / Mass transfer Properties of mixtures / Mass conservation / Mass diffusivities / 475
7 11.4 Boundary conditions / Laminar forced convection / The impermeable surface model / Other external forced convection configurations / Internal forced convection / Natural convection / Mass-transfer-driven flow / Heat-transfer-driven flow / Turbulent flow / The time-averaged concentration equation / Forced convection results / Contaminant removal from a ventilated enclosure / Massfunction and masslines / The effect of chemical reaction / 506 References / 509 Problems / 511 Convection in Porous Media 12.1 Mass conservation / The Darcy flow model and the Forchheimer modification / The flrst law of thermodynamics / The second law of thermodynamics / Forced convection / Boundary layers / Concentrated heat sources / Sphere and cylinder in cross-flow / Channel filled with porous medium / Natural convection boundary layers / The boundary layer equations: Vertical wall / Uniform wall temperature / Uniform wall heat flux / The effect of wall inclination / Conjugate boundary layers / Thermal stratification / Sphere and horizontal cylinder / Horizontal walls / Concentrated heat sources / Enclosed porous media heated from the side / The four heat transfer regimes / Convection results / 555
8 XJX 12.8 Penetrative convection / Lateral penetration / Vertical penetration / Enclosed porous media heated from below / The onset of convection / Darcy flow / Forchheimer flow / 565 References / 568 Problems / 570 Appendixes 577 A Constants and conversion factors / 579 B Properties of solids / 585 C Properties of liquids / 595 D Properties of gases / 603 E Mathematical formulas / 609 Author Index 611 Subject Index 619
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
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