NX: Limnological and Engineering Analysis of a Polluted Urban Lake. Prelude to Environmental Management of Onondaga Lake, New York.
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1 Steven W. Effler Editor Limnological and Engineering Analysis of a Polluted Urban Lake Prelude to Environmental Management of Onondaga Lake, New York With 557 Illustrations NX: Springer
2 Series Preface Preface Contributors vii ix xix 1. Background 1 AND GENA HARNETT 1.1 Location and Morphometry Tributaries and Subbasins Climate Historic Account Specific Waste Sources Technical Studies of Onondaga Lake and Its Tributaries Demography and Land Use Government Involvement and a Community's Vision Summary 26 References Hydrogeologic Setting 32 MARY GAIL PERKINS AND EDWIN A. ROMANOWICZ 2.1 Background Geology Geology and Hydrogeology of the Major Tributaries to Onondaga Lake Special Topics Related to the Hydrogeology of Onondaga Lake Onondaga Lake 79, 2.5 Basic Concepts in Hydrogeology Summary 89 References 93 Xlll
3 xiv 3. Tributaries and Discharges 97 AND KEITH A. WHITEHEAD 3.1 Hydrology of Onondaga Lake Material Loading Summary 189 References Hydrodynamics and Transport 200 EMMET M. OWENS AND 4.1 Introduction Lake Inflows and Outflow Lake Temperature, Salinity, and Density Stratification Lake Circulation Modeling Stratification and Vertical Transport Horizontal Mass Transport Model Summary 257 References Chemistry Salinity Dissolved Oxygen Inorganic Carbon, Ca 2+, CaCO 3(s), and ph 283 CHARLES T. DRISCOLL,, AND SUSAN M. DOERR 5.4 Nitrogen Species 294 CAROL M. BROOKS AND 5.5 Phosphorus 307, CHARLES T. DRISCOLL, SUSAN M. DOERR, MARTIN T. AUER, AND BRUCE A. WAGNER 5.6 Anoxic Organic Carbon Decomposition and the Distribution of Related Chemical Species 324 CHARLES T. DRISCOLL,, SUSAN M. DOERR, JEFFREY ADDESS, AND CAROL M. BROOKS 5.7 Mercury 352 CHARLES T. DRISCOLL AND WEI WANG 5.8 Particle Chemistry 359 DAVID L. JOHNSON, J. JIAO, SAUL G. DOS SANTOS, AND STEVEN Wl EFFLER 5.9 Summary 368 References 374
4 xv 6. Biology Phytoplankton 384 MARTIN T. AUER,, MICHELLE L. STOREY, SUSAN D. CONNORS, AND PHILIP SZE 6.2 Zooplankton 421 CLIFFORD A. SIEGFRIED, NANCY A. AUER, AND 6.3 Aquatic Macrophytes 436 JOHN D. MADSEN, R. MICHAEL SMART, LAWRENCE W. EICHLER, CHARLES W. BOYLEN, JEFFREY W. SUTHERLAND, AND JAY A. BLOOMFIELD 6.4 Benthic Macroinvertebrates 446 BRUCE A. WAGNER, ROBERT DANEHY, NEIL A. RINGLER, AND 6.5 Fish Communities and Habitats in Onondaga Lake, Adjoining Portions of the Seneca River, and Lake Tributaries 453 NEIL A. RINGLER, CHRISTOPHER GANDINO, PRADEEP HIRETHOTA, ROBERT DANEHY, PETER TANGO, CHARLES MORGAN, CHRISTOPHER MILLARD, MARGARET MURPHY, MARK A. ARRIGO, RONALD J. SLOAN, AND 6.6 Indicator Bacteria 494 MARTIN T. AUER,, STEPHEN L. NIEHAUS, AND KEITH A. WHITEHEAD 6.7 Summary 515 References Optics 535 AND MARY GAIL PERKINS 7.1 Introduction Optical Measurements Optical Properties of Water Historic Changes in Apparent Optical Properties Components of Attenuation/Evaluation of Empirical Relationships Regional Comparison Angular Distribution of Underwater Irradiance Checks on Optical Measurements and Estimates Estimates of a and b Spectroradiometer Measurements Partitioning a Partitioning b Components of Attenuation, Models, and Analysis of Scenarios 584 '7.14 Summary 592 References 597
5 xvi 8. Sediments Deposition Surficial Sediments 611 MARTIN T. AUER, NED JOHNSON, MICHAEL PENN, AND 8.3 Sediment Stratigraphy 622 H. CHANDLER ROWELL AND 8.4 Summary 655 References Mechanistic Modeling of Water Quality in Onondaga Lake Background and Evolution of Model Frameworks Chloride Model 672 SUSAN M. DOERR,, AND MARTIN T. AUER 9.3 Total Phosphorus Model 679 SUSAN M. DOERR, RAYMOND P. CANALE, MARTIN T. AUER, AND 9.4 Nitrogen Model 690 RAYMOND P. CANALE, RAKESH K. GELDA, AND 9.5 Dissolved Oxygen Model 702 RAKESH K. GELDA, MARTIN T. AUER, RAYMOND P. CANALE, AND 9.6 Fecal Coliform Bacteria Model 714 RAYMOND P. CANALE, EMMET M. OWENS, MARTIN T. AUER, THOMAS M. HEIDTKE, AND 9.7 Water Quality Model for the Seneca and Oswego Rivers 723 RAYMOND P. CANALE, EMMET M. OWENS, MARTIN T. AUER, AND 9.8 Application of Models 743 AND SUSAN M. DOERR 9.9 Summary 776 References Synthesis and Perspectives Impact of the Soda Ash/Chlor-alkali Facility on Onondaga Lake and Adjoining Systems: Update The Polluted State of Onondaga Lake: How Bad Is It? 798
6 xvii 10.3 But Has Not the Quality of Onondaga Lake Improved? The METRO Discharge Is Too Much for a Small Lake Diversion of METRO Where Do We Go from Here? 808 References 809 Index 813
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