Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination

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1 Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Edited by George Bizzigotti, Richard P. Rhoads, Stephen J. Lee, Jennifer J. Becker, and Bryan M. Smith

2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms The Editors The Contributors xi xvii xix xxi Dedication Preface xxiii xxv Part I Chapter 1 of Decontamination A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Warfare and their Decontamination 3 K. Smart 3 Decontamination Prior to World War I Decontamination During World War I 5 Decontamination Between the World Wars Decontamination During World War II 1.6 Decontamination and Nerve Agents Decontamination and the Environment 41 Decontamination in the Global War on Terror (2000s) Conclusions 60 60

3 Handbook of Chemical and Warfare Agent Decontamination Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Part II Introduction to Chemical and Warfare Agents 65 Coughlin and Jennifer J. Becker 2.1 Introduction Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents Biological Warfare Agents Conclusions US Department of Defense Decontamination Principles and Requirements 79 Ann Breckenkamp 3.1 of US Military Decontamination Practices Development of DOD Decontamination Requirements and Program Documentation 3.3 Conclusions Decontamination Science Chapter 4 Introduction to Decontamination Science 101 George Bizzigotti 4.1 Introduction be Decontaminated Point-of-Use Formulation Approaches Nature of Reaction Products 108 Chapter 5 Hydrolysis of Chemical Warfare Agents George Bizzigotti 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sulfur Mustard 5.3 Lewisite 5.4 Agents 5.5 VX Conclusions 121 Appendix: Additional Hydrolysis Data for and VX

4 Table of Contents VII Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Oxidation of Chemical Warfare Agents in Solution 127 George Bizzigotti and Robert G. Nickol Introduction 6.2 Oxidants Oxygen-based Oxidants Conclusions Dehydrohalogenation of Chemical Warfare Agents 171 Aaron Skaggs and William Bell 7.1 Introduction Mechanisms of Dehydrohalogenation Reactions Methods and Materials to Produce Dehydrohalogenation Conclusions 177 Solid Decontaminants and their Applications 181 Olga B. George W. Wagner, and Landa J. Colvin-Marion 8.1 Introduction Sorbents (Physical Removal) Reactive Solids Conclusions Chapter 9 Enzymatic Decontamination 205 George Bizzigotti and Kimberly L. Sciarretta Introduction Enzymatic Organophosphate Hydrolysis Thermal Stabilization of Enzymes Production of Enzymes for Decontamination Enzyme Remaining Challenges Current and Planned Research on Decontamination Enzymes Conclusions

5 Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Chapter 10 Biological Decontamination 245 Tony Dorothy Canter, and Jeff Kempter 10.1 Introduction 245 Sporicidal Test Methods for Biological Decontaminants Regulatory Requirements for Biological Decontaminants Attacks Conclusions Chapter Surfactant and Supramolecular Chemistry and their Applications in Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination 281 George Bizzigotti Introduction 281 Surfactants in Decontamination History 281 Surfactant Chemistry: The Basics 284 Recent Research on Surfactants Related to Decontamination 289 Supramolecular Chemistry 299 Conclusions Chapter 12 Gaseous Decontaminants and their Applications 315 William Bell, and Jonathan Phillips Introduction Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide 316 Hydrogen Peroxide as a Vapor 12.4 Sensitive Equipment Hot Air for Interior Decontamination Test Methods Safety, Occupational Health, and Regulatory Issues Bibliography 328

6 Table of Contents IX Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Decontamination by Directed Energy Technologies 331 Robert M. Cutler 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Technology Photo-oxidation Technology UV Technology Laser Technology Microwave Technology Sonication or Ultrasonic Technology Technology Ionizing Radiation 347 Thermal Technology 349 Electronic Plasma Technology Conclusions Bibliography 360 Reactive Coatings and their Applications in Decontamination 363 William Bell, Jennifer J. Becker, Wallace and Martin Rogers 14.1 Introduction Test Methods Current Coatings Materials for Reactive Coatings Photocatalysis Enzyme-based Systems Catalytic Systems Antimicrobial Coatings Coatings that Indicate the Presence 378 Conclusions Bibliography 383

7 X Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agent Decontamination Part Chapter Development of Future Decontamination Systems Materials Compatibility Testing Methodology 387 Kenneth Heater, William Bell, Brian France, and Angela Theys Introduction Materials Test Methods 395 Decontaminant Exposure Conclusions 413 Chapter 16 Future Revolutionary Concepts for Decontamination 417 Stephen J. Lee and Jennifer J. Becker 421

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INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY Edited by AKBAR MONTASER George Washington University Washington, D.C. 20052, USA WILEY-VCH New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto CONTENTS