Engineering. Green Chemical. S. Suresh and S. Sundaramoorthy. and Chemical Processes. An Introduction to Catalysis, Kinetics, CRC Press

Transcription

1 I i Green Chemical Engineering An Introduction to Catalysis, Kinetics, and Chemical Processes S. Suresh and S. Sundaramoorthy CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business i

2 Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Authors Nomenclature xiii xv xix xxi xxiii 1 Introduction Principles of Green Chemistry and Green Chemical Engineering Chemical Reaction Engineering: The Heart of Green Chemical Engineering 4 Section I Kinetics, Catalysis and Chemical Reactors 2 Introduction to Kinetics and Chemical Reactors Kinetics of Chemical Reactions Reaction Rate Extent of Conversion Rate Equation Activation Energy and Heat of Reaction Limiting Reactant Elementary and Non-Elementary Reactions Reversible Reactions Determination of Rate Equations for Single Reactions from Batch Reactor Data A Graphical Method for the Estimation of k and n Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for the Reaction between Reactants A and B Integrated Forms of Kinetic Rate Equations for Some Simple Reactions First-Order Reaction Second-Order Reaction Third-Order Reaction Second-Order Irreversible Reaction between A and B Reversible First-Order Reaction Zero-Order Reaction Multiple Reactions Series Reaction Parallel Reaction Autocatalytic Reactions Non-Elementary Reactions and Stationary State Approximations Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Non-Elementary Reactions by Linear Regression 48 vii

3 viii Contents Catalysis: Mechanism of Catalytic Reactions A Brief Introduction Kinetics of Solid Catalysed Chemical Reactions: Model 53 Langmuir-Hinshelwood Biochemical Reactions Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed 2.2 Chemical Reactors: An Introduction Homogeneous Reactors: Holding Vessels Ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Ideal Tubular Reactor Heterogeneous Reactors Mass Transfer Equipment Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors 76 Appendix 2A: Catalysis and Chemisorption 79 2A.1 Catalysis: An Introduction 79 2A.1.1 Types of Catalysis 79 2A.1.2 An Overview of the Basic Concepts of Catalysis 82 2A.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis and Chemisorption 82 2A.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 83 2A.3 Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration 86 2A.4 Case Studies: Removal of Pollutants by Adsorption 88 2A.4.1 Adsorptive Removal of Phenol by Activated Palash Leaves 88 2A.4.2 Adsorptive Removal of Various Dyes by Synthesised Zeolite 98 2A.5 Conclusions 106 Appendix 2B: Fitting Experimental Data to Linear Equations by Regression 106 2B.1 Fitting Experimental Data to Linear Equations by Regression 106 2B.2 Fitting Data to a Linear Equation of the Type y Excercise Problems = + a2x2 + x0 108 MATLAB Programs 114 Ill 3 Homogeneous Reactors Homogeneous Ideal Reactors Design Equations for Ideal Reactors Design Equation for First-Order Irreversible Reaction Design Equation for Second-Order Irreversible Reaction Design Equation for First-Order Reversible Reaction Graphical Procedure for Design of Homogeneous Multiple Reactors 143 Reactors: Reactors Connected in Series System of N Numbers of Ideal CSTRs in Series Optimal Sizing of Two CSTRs Connected in Series CSTR and PFR in Series Design of Reactors for Multiple Design of CSTR for Chain Polymerisation Reactions 163 Reaction Non-Isothermal Reactors Design Equations for Non-Isothermal Reactors Optimal Progression of Temperature for Reversible Exothermic Reactions Design of Non-Isothermal Reactors with and without Heat Exchange Q 183

4 Contents ix Non-Isothermal CSTR Operation: Multiple Steady States and Stability Homogeneous Non-Ideal Reactors Non-Ideal Reactors versus Ideal Reactors Non-Ideal Mixing Patterns Residence Time Distribution: A Tool for Analysis of Fluid Mixing Pattern Tracer Experiment Mean 0 and Variance a2 of Residence Time Distribution Residence Time Distribution for Ideal Reactors RTD as a Diagnostic Tool Tanks in Series Model Estimation of Parameter N Conversion according to Tanks in Series Model Axial Dispersion Model Conversion according to Axial Dispersion Model Laminar Flow Reactor Conversion in Laminar Flow Reactor Non-Ideal CSTR with Dead Zone and Bypass Conversion according to Non-Ideal CSTR with Dead Zone and Bypass Micro-Mixing and Segregated Flow Micro-Mixing and the Order of Reaction Conversion of a First-Order Reaction in Ideal Reactors with Completely Segregated Flow Micro-Mixing and Ideal PFR 252 Appendix 3A: Estimation of Peclet Number Derivation of Equation Using Method of Moments 254 Exercise Problems 258 MATLAB Programs Heterogeneous Reactors Heterogeneous Non-Catalytic Reactors 289 Gas-Solid Reactions Heterogeneous Shrinking Core Model Reactors for Gas-Solid Reactions Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Reactions Derivation of Global Rate Equations Design of Packed Bed Reactors for Gas-Liquid Reactions Reactions and Reactors Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction in a Single Catalyst Pellet Internal Pore Diffusion and Reaction in a Slab-Shaped Catalyst Internal Pore Diffusion and Reaction in a Spherical Catalyst Pellet 337 Pellet Modified Thiele Modulus <t>' Modification of the Thiele Modulus for a Reversible Reaction 348

5 x Contents Diffusion and Reaction in a Single Cylindrical Pore within the Catalyst Pellet Global Rate Equation Catalytic Reactors Two-Phase Catalytic Reactors Three-Phase Catalytic Reactors 365 Exercise Problems 370 MATLAB Programs 372 Section II Green Chemical Processes and Applications 5 Green Reactor Modelling Novel Reactor Technology Micro-Reactor Characteristics of Micro-Reactors Microwave Reactor High-Pressure Spinning Disk Reactor 400 Reactor Some Reactor Design Software and Their Applications gproms: For Simulation and Modelling of Reactors ANSYS Reactor Design Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD Modelling of Multiphase Systems ASPEN Plus Simulation of RCSTR Model Simulation of CSTR Model Conclusions 427 and Processes Application of Green Catalysis 6.1 Introduction to Application of Green Catalysis and Processes Case Study 1: Treatment of Industrial Effluents Using Various Green Catalyses Introduction Properties of Zeolites Zeolite Na-Y Applications of Zeolites Adsorption of Dyes onto Zeolite Acid Orange 7 Dye Methyl Orange Dye Methylene Blue Safranine Dyes Catalytic WPO Experimental Design Results and Discussions Conclusions and Recommendations Case Study 2: Thermolysis of Petrochemical Industrial Effluent Source of Wastewater Experimental Procedure Kinetic Studies 468

6 Contents xi Results and Discussion Conclusions Case Study 3: Catalytic Wet-Air Oxidation Processes Introduction Alcohol Production in India Wastewater Generation and Characteristics Wastewater Treatment Methods Drawbacks of Different Technologies Wet Air Oxidation Literature Survey Experimental Setup and Design Results and Discussions Conclusions 491 References 493 Further Reading 499 Index 501