XXI. Part I Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Nanocatalysts in Ionic Liquids 1

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1 V List of Contributors XI Preface XV Foreword XIX Symbols and Abbreviations XXI Part I Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Nanocatalysts in Ionic Liquids 1 1 Fe, Ru, and Os Nanoparticles 3 Madhu Kaushik, Yuting Feng, Nathaniel Boyce, and Audrey Moores 1.1 Introduction Synthesis of Fe, Ru, and Os NPs in ILs Synthesis via Reduction of Metal Precursors or Ligands Synthesis via Decomposition of Metal Precursors The Use of Additional Stabilizers and Functional ILs Ionic Liquid Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles Ionic Liquid Properties Molecular Aspects of Ionic Liquid Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles Applications of Ru, Fe, and Os Nanoparticles to Catalysis Applications of Ru NPs in ILs to Catalysis Hydrogenation of Olefins Hydrogenation of Arenes Other Types of Hydrogenations Biomass Conversion Miscellaneous Reactions Applications of Fe Nanoparticles to Catalysis Conclusion 21 Acknowledgments 21 References 21

2 VI 2 Co, Rh, and Ir Nanoparticles 25 Jackson D. Scholten and Muhammad I. Qadir 2.1 Introduction Chemical Routes for the Synthesis of Metal NPs in ILs Chemical Reduction Thermal/Microwave Decomposition Catalytic Application of Metal NPs in ILs Hydrogenation Reaction Miscellaneous Reactions Conclusions 37 References 37 3 Ni and Pt Nanoparticles 41 Carla Weber Scheeren 3.1 Introduction Synthesis and Characterization of Pt NPs in ILs Catalytic Applications of Pt NPs in ILs Synthesis and Characterization of Ni NPs in ILs Catalytic Applications of Ni NPs in ILs Summary and Conclusions 58 Symbols and Abbreviations 59 Characterization Methods 59 Ionic Liquids 59 References 59 4 Pd Nanoparticles for Coupling Reactions and Domino/Tandem Reactions 63 Anna M. Trzeciak 4.1 Introduction Formation of Pd NPs in ILs The Heck Coupling The Suzuki Reaction The Stille Coupling The Sonogashira Coupling Summary and Conclusions 78 Acknowledgments 79 References 79 5 Soluble Pd Nanoparticles for Catalytic Hydrogenation 83 Ran Zhang and Zhenshan Hou 5.1 Introduction Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles in ILs Reduction of Pd NPs in ILs Type of Metal Precursor 87

3 VII Reducing Agents and Ionic Liquids Pd Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation Hydrogenation of Alkene, Alkynes, and Dienes Hydrogenation of Aldehydes and Aromatic Nitro Compounds Hydrogenation of Phenols Hydrogenation of Ketones Hydrogenation of Biomass Summary and Conclusions 93 Ionic Liquid Abbreviations 93 References 94 6 Au, Ag, and Cu Nanostructures 97 Abhinandan Banerjee and Robert W. J. Scott 6.1 Introduction Au NPs in the Presence of ILs Early Examples and Chemical Synthesis Protocols Advances in IL-Phase Au NP Synthesis: Physical Methods Electrochemical Applications of AuNP/IL Composites AuNP/IL Composites in Sensing Miscellaneous Applications of AuNP/IL Composites Catalytic Applications of AuNP/IL Composites Ag NPs in the Presence of ILs Novel Approaches for IL-Phase Synthesis of Ag NPs IL-Phase Ag NPs for Sensors Plasmonic Nanocatalysis with Ag NPs in ILs Anti-pathogenic Applications of Ag NPs in ILs Cu NPs in the Presence of ILs Synthesis of IL-Phase Cu NPs for Miscellaneous Applications Catalysis with IL-Phase Cu NPs Summary and Conclusions 118 Acronyms 119 References Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications 125 Isabelle Favier, Emmanuelle Teuma, and Montserrat Gómez 7.1 Introduction Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids Bottom-Up Methodologies Chemical Reduction Thermal Decomposition Electrochemical Methods Top-Down Methodology 135

4 VIII 7.3 Applications in Catalysis Reactions under Hydrogen Pressure: Hydrogenation Hydrogenolysis Dehalogenation Hydrogenation Reactions Hydrogenolysis Reactions Dehalogenation Reactions Oxidation Summary and Outlook 143 Acknowledgments 144 References Synthesis and Application of Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts in Ionic Liquid Media using Metal Carbonyl Complexes as Precursors 147 Raquel Marcos Esteban and Christoph Janiak 8.1 Introduction Metal Carbonyls Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding Metal Carbonyls for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles (M-NPs) Synthesis in Ionic Liquids Synthesis in ILs with Deposition on Support Catalytic Applications of Metal Nanoparticles from Metal Carbonyls in ILs Conclusions 163 Acknowledgment 164 References Top-Down Synthesis Methods for Nanoscale Catalysts 171 Tsukasa Torimoto, Tatsuya Kameyama, and Susumu Kuwabata 9.1 Introduction Sputter Deposition of Metals in RTILs Uniformly Dispersed Nanoparticles in RTILs via Sputter Deposition of a Single Element Synthesis Mechanism of Nanoparticles via RTIL/Metal Sputtering Preparation of Alloy Nanoparticles and Control of Their Composition Sequential Sputter Deposition for Synthesizing Nanocomposite Particles Film Preparation on the Surfaces of RTILs Immobilization of Nanoparticles Sputter-Deposited in RTILs Application/Plasmonic Materials Application/Photoluminescence Materials Application/Electrocatalysts Application/Catalysts for Organic Syntheses 195

5 IX 9.3 Thermal Vapor Deposition on RTILs for Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles Laser-Induced Downsizing and Ablation of Materials Preparation of Single Crystals by Vapor Deposition onto RTILs Conclusion 202 References Electrochemical Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids 207 Yasushi Katayama 10.1 Introduction Basics of Electrodeposition Electrodeposition of Silver and Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids Electrochemical Formation of the Nanoparticles of Various Metals Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Palladium Gold Platinum Summary and Conclusions 225 References 227 Part II Perspectives for Application of Nanocatalysts in Ionic Liquids Tailoring Biomass Conversions using Ionic Liquid Immobilized Metal Nanoparticles 233 Srinidhi Narayanan, Jiaguang Zhang, and Ning Yan 11.1 Introduction Cellulose Lignin Fatty Acid and Its Derivatives Other Biomass Substrates Conclusion 245 References Nanoparticles on Supported Ionic Liquid Phases Opportunities for Application in Catalysis 249 Pedro Migowski, Kylie L. Luska, and Walter Leitner 12.1 Introduction Synthesis of Supported Ionic Liquid Phases (SILPs) Nanoparticles Immobilized onto Supported Ionic Liquid Phases Nanoparticles Supported onto Physisorbed SILPs 254

6 X Nanoparticles Supported onto Chemisorbed SILPs Catalytic Applications of C C Coupling Nonfunctionalized ILs Functionalized ILs Hydrogenation Nonfunctionalized ILs Functionalized ILs Summary and Conclusions 268 Acknowledgments 269 References Photovoltaic, Photocatalytic Application, and Water Splitting 275 Adriano F. Feil, Heberton Wender, and Renato V. Gonçalves 13.1 Introduction Photovoltaic Cells Working Principles of a DSSC ILs in Photovoltaic Cells Photocatalytic Processes Principles of Photocatalysis ILs in Photocatalysis Water Splitting Principles of Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Nanostructured Semiconductor for Photocatalytic WS Reaction Nanostructured Semiconductor for the PEC WS Reaction Summary and Conclusions 291 References 292 Index 295