Nanoporous Gold From an Ancient Technology to a

Transcription

1 Nanoporous Gold From an Ancient Technology to a High-Tech Material Edited by Arne Wittstock Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA; Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, Bremen, Germany Jiirgen Biener Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Jonah Erlebacher Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA Johns Hopkins University, Marcus Baumer Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, Bremen, Germany RSC Publishing

2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Nanoporous Gold 1 Arne Wittstock, Jiirgen Biener and Marcus Bciumer 1.1 Nanoporous Gold Gold Some Facts What Makes 'Nano' Special? 5 Acknowledgments 9 References 9 Chapter 2 Fundamental Physics and Chemistry of Nanoporosity Evolution During Dealloying 11 /. Erlebacher, R. C. Newman and K. Sieradzki 2.1 Introduction Context Pattern-Forming Instabilities and Nanostructure Fabrication Basic Phenomenology Parting Limit and Critical Potential Short History of Theoretical Approaches for NPG Morphology Evolution Structural Considerations Percolation Basics Percolation Applied to Nanoporous Gold: The Parting Limit Thermodynamic Origins of the Critical Potential Kinetic of Porosity Evolution KMC Simulations Working Model for Porosity Evolution Rate-Limiting Behavior Analytical Models for Porosity Evolution 25 RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 22 Nanoporous Gold: From an Ancient Technology to a High-Tech Material Edited by Arne Wittstock, Jiirgen Biener, Jonah Erlebacher and Marcus Baumer Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, vii

3 2.5 Nanoporous Gold Throughout History Pre-Columbian Metallurgy Parting limits and Leonardo da Vinci Origins of Modern Dealloying Theory 2.6 Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 3 Mechanistic Studies of Initial Dealloying 30 Frank Uwe Rentier 3.1 Introduction Sample Preparation, Experimental Techniques, and Simulation Preparation of Cu3Au (111) Surfaces Main Experimental Techniques Earlier Mechanistic Studies on Initial Dealloying Initial Dealloying of Cu3Au (111) Clean Cu3Au (111) Starting Surface Low and Medium Overpotential Regime Higher Overpotential Regime and Critical Potential Influence of Halide Additives Thiol-Modified Surfaces and Microstructuring Further Work and Perspectives Summary 48 References 48 Chapter 4 Mechanical Properties of Nanoporous Gold 51 Andrea M. Hodge and Thomas John Balk 4.1 Introduction Elastic-Plastic Deformation Behavior Scaling Equations for Mechanical Properties Compression Tests Tensile Testing Fracture Behavior Modeling and Simulation Studies Summary 65 Acknowledgments 65 References 66

4 ix Chapter 5 Microfabrication of Nanoporous Gold 69 Oya Okman and Jeffrey W. Kysar 5.1 Introduction Challenges in Fabrication of NPG Thin Films Dealloying by Free Corrosion Dealloying by Using Electrochemical Cells Potentiostatic Dealloying Galvanostatic Dealloying Fabrication of Micropatterned NPG Features Incorporation of Thin Film Fabrication of Microscaie Structures 88 Acknowledgments 94 References 94 Chapter 6 Optical Properties and Applications of Nanoporous Metals 97 X. Y. Lang and M. W. Chen 6.1 Introduction Theoretical Consideration: Optical Properties of Metal Nanostructures Microstructure and Optical Properties of Nanoporous Metals Applications of Plasmonic Nanoporous Metals Biosensing with Plasmonic Nanosensors Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoporous Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence Concluding Remarks 129 References 129 Chapter 7 Actuation with High-Surface-Area Materials 137 L.-H. Shao, H.-J. Jin and J. Weissmuller 7.1 Introduction Actuation Driven by Capillary Forces General Phenomenology Description of Actuation in a Continuum Picture Surface-Stress-Induced Actuation: Experimental Characterization Structure Nanoporous Metals Carbon Nanomaterials 145

5 X Contents 7.4 Actuation Electrochemical Actuation with Nanoporous Metals Chemical Actuation with Nanoporous Metals Electrochemical Actuation with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Electrochemical Actuation with CA Two Important Characteristics Response Time Work Density 159 References 163 Chapter 8 Surface Chemistry and Catalysis 167 Ame Wittstock, Jiirgen Biener and Marcus Bdumer 8.1 Introduction Surface Chemistry of Au Interaction of Au with Oxygen Interaction of Au with CO Alcohol Oxidation Gas-Phase Catalysis over Nanoporous Gold CO Oxidation Oxidation of Alcohols Liquid-Phase Catalysis Aerobic Oxidation of D-Glucose Oxidation of Silanes Surface Modification of Nanoporous Gold by Metal Oxides Gas-Phase Deposition: ALD-Modified Nanoporous Gold Liquid-Phase Deposition Summary and Remarks 192 Acknowledgments 193 References 193 Chapter 9 Electrocatalytical Properties of Nanoporous Gold 199 Houyi Ma and Yi Ding 9.1 Introduction Applications of NPG in Electrocatalysis Hydrogen Fuel Cells Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid Electrochemical Oxidation of Glucose 211

6 xi 9.3 Applications of NPG in Electrochemical Sensors Non-enzymatic Sensors Enzyme-Based Sensors Immunosensors Environmental Monitoring Future Outlook 220 Acknowledgments 221 References 221 Chapter 10 Nanoporous Gold in Sensor Applications 224 /- Wen Sun and Po- Yu Chen 10.1 Introduction Enzyme-Immobilized NPG Electrochemical Biosensors Enzyme-Modified NPG Glucose Sensor Cytochrome C Encapsulated NPG Electrode for H202 Sensing Non-enzymatic NPG-Based Sensors for Physiologic Important Species Naked NPG Glucose Sensors Pt-Decorated NPG Glucose Sensors Gold-Decorated Nanoporous Copper Core-Shell Composite Glucose Sensor Pt-NPG Sensor for Escherichia coli (E. coli) NPG Sensor for Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid NPG Immunosensor for Detection of Cancer Biomarker NPG-Based DNA Sensors NPG-Based DNA Sensors with [Ru(NH3)6]3+ Transducer NPG-Based DNA Sensor with PbS Nanoparticle Transducer Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry NPG-Based DNA Sensor with Electrochemiluminescence of CdTe Quantum Dots NPG Sensors for Nitrogen-Containing Compounds NPG Sensor for Detection of p-nitrophenol NPG Sensor for Amperometric Determination of Nitrite NPG as Promising Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Concluding Remarks 244 References 245 Subject Index 248