Contents. Preface XI List of Contributors XIII

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1 V Contents Preface XI List of Contributors XIII 1 Introduction to Nanoparticles General Introduction to Nanoparticles Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis Surface Plasmon Resonance and Coloring Control of Size, Shape, and Structure Size Control of Nanoparticles Shape Control of Nanoparticles Structure Control of Nanoparticles Reducing Agent in Nanoparticle Synthesis Applications of Metallic Nanoparticles Application of Nanoparticles in Paints Application in Chemical Catalysis Application of Nanoparticles in Micro-wiring Application of Nanoparticles in Medical Treatments 22 References 23 2 General Features of Microwave Chemistry Microwave Heating Some Applications of Microwave Heating Microwave Chemistry Microwaves in Organic Syntheses Microwaves in Polymer Syntheses Microwaves in Inorganic Syntheses Microwave Extraction Microwave Discharge Electrodeless Lamps Microwave Chemical Reaction Equipment 33 References 36

2 VI Contents 3 Considerations of Microwave Heating General Considerations of Microwave Heating Electromagnetic Waves and a Dielectric Material Heating a Substance by the Microwaves Alternating Electric Field Heating a Dielectric by the Microwaves Alternating Magnetic Field Penetration Depth of Microwaves in a Dielectric Material Frequency Effects in Chemical Reactions Peculiar Microwave Heating Special Temperature Distribution Superheating Selective Heating in Chemical Reactions Relevant Points of Effective Microwave Heating 52 References 53 4 Combined Energy Sources in the Synthesis of Nanomaterials 55 Luisa Boffa, Silvia Tagliapietra, and Giancarlo Cravotto 4.1 Introduction Simultaneous Ultrasound/Microwave Treatments Sequential Ultrasound and Microwaves Sequential Steps of the Same Reaction Sequential Reactions Conclusions 72 References 72 5 Nanoparticle Synthesis through Microwave Heating Introduction Microwave Frequency Effects Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles through the Efficient Use of 5.8-GHz Microwaves Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis through the Use of 915-MHz Microwaves Nanoparticle Synthesis under a Microwave Magnetic Field Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by a Greener Microwave Hydrothermal Method Nanoparticle Synthesis with Microwaves under Cooling Conditions Positive Aspects of Microwaves Thermal Distribution in Nanoparticle Synthesis Microwave-Assisted Nanoparticle Synthesis in Continuous Flow Apparatuses Microwave Desktop System of Nanoparticle Synthesis in a Continuous Flow Reactor Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles with a Hybrid Microreactor/Microwave System 92

3 5.7.3 Other Examples of Continuous Microwave Nanoparticle Synthesis Equipment Microwave Calcination Equipment for the Fabrication of Nanometallic Inks Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle Using Microwave Liquid Plasma Compendium of Microwave-Assisted Nanoparticle Syntheses 96 References Microwave-Assisted Solution Synthesis of Nanomaterials 107 Xianluo Hu and Jimmy C. Yu 6.1 Introduction Synthesis of ZnO Nanocrystals Synthesis of Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals Clusters Controlled Growth of Basic and Complex ZnO Nanostructures Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles in Benzyl Alcohol Synthesis of α-fe 2 O 3 Nanostructures α-fe 2 O 3 Hollow Spheres Monodisperse α-fe 2 O 3 Nanocrystals with Continuous Aspect-Ratio Tuning and Precise Shape Control Self-Assembled Hierarchical α-fe 2 O 3 Nanoarchitectures Element-Based Nanostructures and Nanocomposite Silver Nanostructures Te Nanostructures Selenium/Carbon Colloids Chalcogenide Nanostructures Cadmium Chalcogenides Lead Chalcogenides Zinc Chalcogenides Graphene Summary 135 References Precisely Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles under Microwave Irradiation 145 Zhi Chen, Dai Mochizuki, and Yuji Wada 7.1 Introduction General Introduction Green Chemistry Microwave Chemistry for the Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles Precise Control of Single Component under Microwave Irradiation Spheres Au Nanoparticles Ag Nanoparticles Pt Nanoparticles 156 Contents VII

4 VIII Contents Pd, Ru, and Rh Nanoparticles Other Transition Metals Nanorods and Nanowires Ag Nanorods and Nanowires Au, Pt, Ni Nanorods and Nanowires Other Morphologies Au Ag Pt, Pd, Ni, and Co Precise Control of Multicomponent Structures under Microwave Irradiation Multicomponent Nanoparticles Core Shell Structures Alloys Metal Nanoparticles on Supports Metal Oxide Supports Carbon Material Supports Other Supports An Example of Mass Production Oriented to Application Conclusion 180 References Microwave-Assisted Nonaqueous Routes to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanostructures 185 Markus Niederberger 8.1 Introduction Nonaqueous Sol Gel Chemistry Polyol Route Benzyl Alcohol Route Other Mono-Alcohols Ionic Liquids Nonaqueous Microwave Chemistry beyond Metal Oxides Summary and Outlook 201 References Input of Microwaves for Nanocrystal Synthesis and Surface Functionalization Focus on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 207 Irena Milosevic, Erwann Guenin, Yoann Lalatonne, Farah Benyettou, Caroline de Montferrand, Frederic Geinguenaud, and Laurence Motte 9.1 Introduction Biomedical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Nanoparticle Synthesis Synthesis in Aqueous Solution Coprecipitation Method Forced Hydrolysis 211

5 Hydrothermal Method Aqueous Sol Gel Method Direct Micelles Microemulsion Method Synthesis in Non-Aqueous Solvent Reverse Micelle Microemulsion Method Non-Aqueous Sol Gel Method Polyol Synthesis Thermal Decomposition Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization Hydrophobic Nanocrystals Ligand Exchange Surface Chemical Modification Tails Interdigitation Silica or Polymer Shell Water Soluble Nanocrystals Direct Surface Functionalization Two-Step Surface Functionalization Microwave-Assisted Chemistry Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Method Microwave-Assisted Functionalization of Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticle Microwave Functionalization Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Microwave Functionalization Microwave-Assisted Silica Encapsulation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Europium Oxide Nanoparticle Microwave Functionalization Conclusions 236 References Microwave-Assisted Continuous Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials 247 Naftali N. Opembe, Hui Huang, and Steven L. Suib 10.1 Introduction and Overview Microwave-Assisted Continuous Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials Types of Microwave Apparatus Used in Continuous Synthesis Microwave Continuous Synthesis of Molecular Sieve Materials Microwave Continuous Synthesis of Metal Oxides and Mixed Metal Oxide Materials Microwave Continuous Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials Conclusions and Outlook 268 References 269 Contents IX

6 X Contents 11 Microwave Plasma Synthesis of Nanoparticles: From Theoretical Background and Experimental Realization to Nanoparticles with Special Properties 271 Dorothée Vinga Szabó 11.1 Introduction Using Microwave Plasmas for Nanoparticle Synthesis General Comments on Plasmas Considerations in a Microwave Plasma Particle Formation Characterization of Nanoparticles Experimental Realization of the Microwave Plasma Synthesis Custom-Made Applicators Coated Nanoparticles and Particle Collection Influence of Experimental Parameters Precursor Selection Influence of Precursor Concentration Interdependence of Microwave Power, Pressure, Temperature, and Gas Velocity Influence of Residence Time in the Plasma on Particle Size Summary of Experimental Parameters Nanoparticle Properties and Application Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticles Gas-Sensing Nanoparticles Nanoparticles for Anodes in Li-Ion Batteries Summary 300 References Oxidation, Purification and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes under Microwave Irradiation 311 Davide Garella and Giancarlo Cravotto 12.1 Introduction Oxidation and Purification Functionalization Conclusion 321 References 321 Index 325