An Introduction to Ionic Liquids. Michael Freemantle. RSC Publishing

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1 An to Ionic Liquids Michael Freemantle RSC Publishing

2 Chapter Definition of Ionic Liquids Synonyms Attraction of Ionic Liquids Cations and Anions Shorthand Notation for Cations and Anions Aprotic and Protic Ionic Liquids Binary Mixtures Organic and Inorganic Ionic Liquids Deep Eutectic Solvents Task-specific Ionic Liquids Chiral Ionic Liquids Generations of Ionic Liquids 8 10 Chapter 2 History Origins Key Dates in the History of Ionic Liquids Chapter 3 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids Alkylation Anion Exchange Microwave- and Ultrasound-assisted Synthesis Halide-free Synthesis 23 An to Ionic Liquids By Michael Freemantle Michael Freemantle 2010 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, IX

3 X Chapter 4 Chapter Synthesis by Protonation Synthesis of Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids Synthesis of Task-specific Ionic Liquids Chiral Synthesis Properties of Ionic Liquids Liquid Range and Thermal Stability Melting Points Vapour Pressure Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer Viscosity Density Solubility and Miscibility Water Stability Conductivity Electrochemical Potential Window Surface Tension Fluorescence Refractive Indices Impact of Impurities Ionic Liquids as Designer Solvents Contents Solubility and Miscibility Polarity and Solvation Miscibility with Water Miscibility with Organic Compounds Solubility of Metal Salts Gas Solubility Biphasic Systems Phase Diagrams Partitioning of Solutes between Ionic Liquids and Water Biphasic Systems of Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids and Water Mutually Immiscible Ionic Liquids Separations and Extractions Extraction of Organic Compounds Gas Separations Carbon Dioxide Extractions and Separations

4 5.17 Metal Ion Extractions Extractive Distillations Membrane Separations xi Chapter 6 Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids Vapour Pressure Flammability and Combustibility Recycling Environmental Exposure and Toxicity Release into the Environment Spatiotemporal Range Biodegradability Biological Activity Bioaccumulation Chapter 7 Electrochemistry Cyclic Voltammetry Batteries Fuel Cells Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Electrodeposition Actuators Supercapacitors Electrosynthesis Chapter 8 Catalysis Monophasic and Biphasic Catalysis Solvents, Catalysts and Ligands Catalyst Performance Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysis Nanoparticle Catalysts Acid-Base Catalysis Transition Metal Catalysis Chiral Transition Metal Catalysis Task-specific Ionic Liquids in Catalysis

5 Inorganic Chemistry Main Group Chemistry 9.3 Transition Metal Chemistry 9.4 Organometallic Compounds 9.5 Nuclear Chemistry 9.6 Nanoparticles 9.7 Carbon Nanotubes 9.8 Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles 9.9 Alloy Nanoparticles 9.10 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 9.11 Other Nanoparticles 9.12 Microspheres 9.13 Sol-Gel Synthesis of Porous Materials 9.14 Ionothermal Synthesis of Porous Materials Chapter 10 General Organic Reactions Aldol Condensation Alkylation Cracking Cycloaddition Debromination Dimerization and Oligomerization Electrophilic Reactions Epoxidation Esterification Etherization Halogenation Hydroformylation Hydrogenation Hydrosilylation Nitration of Aromatics Nucleophilic Reactions Olefin Metathesis Oxidation Peptide Synthesis Photochemical Reactions Polymerizations

6 Chapter 11 Named Organic Reactions 188 хш Refere Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Baylis-Hillman Reaction Beckmann Rearrangement Diels-Alder Reaction Friedel-Crafts Reactions Grignard Reaction Heck Reaction Knoevenagel Condensation and Robinson Annulation Mannich Reaction Michael Addition Sonogashira Coupling Stille Coupling Suzuki Cross-coupling Swern Oxidation Ullmann Coupling Wacker Oxidation Wittig Reaction nces Chapter 12 Biotechnology Refer Carbohydrate Solubility Biomass Conversion Enzyme Catalysis Early Studies of Ionic Liquid-Enzyme Systems Lipases Proteases, Esterases and other Enzymes Enantioselectivity and Regioselectivity Biphasic Systems and Separations jnces Chapter 13 Analysis Chromatography Capillary Electrophoresis Sensors Gas Sensors Ion-selective Electrodes Biosensors

7 XIV Contents 13.8 Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry Chapter 14 Applications 246 Subject Index Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydrofuran Difasol Process BASIL Process Storage of Hazardous Gases Lubrication Compressors Energetic Materials and Propellants Optical Immersion Fluids Lunar Liquid Mirror Telescope Thermometers Antimicrobial Agents Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Nucleoside-based Antiviral Drugs Embalming and Tissue Preservation Fluids

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