Contents. Foreword... (vii) Preface...(ix) About the Author...(xi) List of Tables...(xxi) List of Figures... (xxvii)
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1 (xiii) Contents Foreword... (vii) Preface...(ix) About the Author...(xi) List of Tables...(xxi) List of Figures... (xxvii) CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES 1.1 Global Water Resources Water Resources (National) Physiographic regions Climatic zones Precipitation levels Water resources potentials Water requirements, population rise and water scarcity trends Irrigation and agriculture growth rates Coastal Systems (World Scenario) Coastal features and ecosystems Values and benefits of coastal zone Natural and Anthropogenic pressures in coastal systems Global climate change impacts Coastal Systems (National Scenario) Coastal features and ecosystems Environmental impacts and vulnerabilities Coastal Zone Management/Integrated Coastal Zone Management (CZM/ICZM), National Initiatives Coastal Systems (Resources) Water resources Soil resources Mineral resources CHAPTER 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF COASTAL DELTA BASINS 2.1 Evolution of Indian Coastal Margins East coast of India West coast of India... 38
2 (xiv) 2.2 Tectonic Elements and Sedimentation West coast of India East coast of India Tectonic, Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of Major Coastal Delta Basins Cauvery-Ponnaiyar-Vaigai coastal delta basins (Tamil Nadu) Palar-Pennar coastal delta basins (Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh) Godavari-Krishna coastal delta basins (Andhra Pradesh) Mahanadi-Brahmini-Baitarni coastal delta basin (Orissa) Bhagiradhi-Hoogly coastal delta basin (West Bengal) Narmada and Tapti delta basins (Gujarat) Morphological Evolution of Quaternary Delta Basins Cauvery, Ponnaiyar, Vaigai and Palar coastal delta basins (Tamil Nadu) Krishna, Godavari and Pennar coastal delta basins (Andhra Pradesh) Mahanadi, Brahmini and Baitarni coastal delta basins (Orissa) Bhagiradhi-Hoogly coastal delta basins (West Bengal) Narmada-Tapti coastal delta basins (Gujarat) CHAPTER 3: HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SOIL WATER BALANCES OF COASTAL DELTAS 3.1 Hydrological Characters of Major River Delta Systems Methodologies for Estimation of Soil Water Balance Parameters Precipitation Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Run off Infiltration and Soil Recharge Soil Water Balance Estimations for Selected Stations in Different Delta Systems Cauvery, Ponnaiyar and Vaigai delta basins (Tamil Nadu) Pennar and Palar delta basins Godavari and krishna delta regions Mahanadi Brahmini-Baitarni delta basins (Orissa) Bhagirathi Hoogly delta (West Bengal) Narmada-Tapti estuary delta systems
3 (xv) CHAPTER 4: ASSESSMENT OF FRESH GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE COASTAL DELTA SYSTEMS 4.1 Groundwater Occurences and Hydraulic Properties Groundwater occurrence and movement Hydraulic properties Darcy s law/groundwater flow and velocity Differential Equations Governing the Groundwater Flow Steady state radial flow in a confined aquifer Steady state flow in an unconfined aquifer Non-steady state flow in confined aquifers Non-steady state radial flow in a semi confined aquifer Non-steady state radial flow in unconfined or semi-unconfined aquifer with delayed yield Partially penetrating wells Large diameter wells Methodologies Related to the Estimation of Resource Potentials Empirical methods Soil water balance methods Water level fluctuations/groundwater storage method Inflow and outflow estimation in a basin Recharge from canal seepages Nuclear methods Evaluation of Fresh Groundwater Resource Potentials in Different Coastal Delta Complexes and their Adjoining Environments Palar-Araniyar- Korattalaiyar delta basin Ponnaiyar Vellar delta basins Cauvery coastal delta basin Vaigai delta and its adjacent basins Pennar delta region Krishna - Godavari delta region Mahanadi-Brahmini-Baitarni delta basins Bhagiradhi-Hoogly delta region Narmada-Tapti delta region CHAPTER 5: GROUNDWATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND TREND ANALYSIS IN COASTAL DELTA COMPLEXES 5.1 Major Chemical Constituents and their Chemistry Alkalinity and Hydrogen ion concentration (ph) Specific electric conductance
4 (xvi) Total dissolved solids Bicarbonates Chlorides Sulphates Nitrates Calcium Hardness Magnesium Sodium Potassium Fluoride (Fluorine) Arsenic Iron Methods, Graphical Techniques and Data Presentations Weight and weight volume method Chemical equivalence method Brief methodological estimations of major ions Graphical techniques for presentation of major ions Spatial variations, ionic cross plots and ionic ratios Water quality classification and hydrochemical facies Hydrogeochemical facies Correlation matrix and factor analysis Water quality criteria Methodologies for Assessing Suitability for Irrigation Electrical Conductivity (EC)/Specific conductance and sodium percentage (Na%) Estimations of Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC) in groundwater Alkali and salinity hazard (SAR) Water Chemistry, Characterization, Hydrogeochemical Facies and Multivariate Trend Analysis of Groundwaters (Near Surface and Deep) in Palar, Ponnaiyar-Vellar, Cauvery and Vaigai Delta Systems of Tamil Nadu Spatial variations of specific conductance, ph and statistical variations of different ions in Palar, Ponnaiyar-Vellar, Cauvery and Vaigai delta systems of Tamil Nadu Cation-anion chemistry/ionic ratios/cross plots Trilinear plots/characterization of ionic trends Hydrogeochemical facies Correlation matrix and factor analysis Classification and irrigation suitability of groundwaters based on sodium percentages, sodium adsorption ratios and residual sodium carbonate
5 (xvii) 5.5 Water Chemistry, Characterization, Hydrogeochemical Facies and Multivariate Trend Analysis of Groundwaters (Near Surface and Deep) in Krishna, Godavari and Pennar Delta Systems of Andhra Pradesh Spatial variations of specific conductance, ph and statistical variations of different ions in Krishna, Godavari and Pennar delta systems of Andhra Pradesh Cation-anion chemistry/ionic ratios/cross plots Trilinear plots/characterization of ionic trends Hydrogeochemical facies Correlation matrix and factor analysis Classification and irrigation suitability of groundwaters based on sodium percentages, sodium adsorption ratios and residual sodium carbonate Water Chemistry, Characterization, Hydrogeochemical Facies and Multivariate Trend Analysis of Groundwaters (Near Surface and Deep) in Mahanadi-Brahmini-Baitarni Delta Systems of Orissa Spatial variations of specific conductance, ph and statistical variations of different ions in Mahanadi-Brahmini-Baitarni delta systems of Orissa Cation-anion chemistry/ionic ratios/cross plots Trilinear plots/characterization of ionic trends Hydrogeochemical facies Correlation matrix and factor analysis Classification and irrigation suitability of groundwaters based on sodium percentages, sodium adsorption ratios and residual sodium carbonate Water Chemistry, Characterization, Hydrogeochemical Facies and Multivariate Trend Analysis of Groundwaters (Near Surface and Deep) in Bhagiradhi-Hoogly Delta Systems of West Bengal Spatial variations of specific conductance, ph and statistical variations of different ions in Bhagiradhi-Hoogly delta systems of West Bengal Cation-anion chemistry/ionic ratios/cross plots Trilinear plots/characterization of ionic trends Hydrogeochemical facies Correlation matrix and factor analysis Classification and irrigation suitability of groundwaters based on sodium percentages, sodium adsorption ratios and residual sodium carbonate Water Chemistry, Characterization, Hydrogeochemical Facies and Multivariate Trend Analysis of Groundwaters (Near Surface and Deep) in Narmada-Tapti Delta Systems of Gujarat Spatial variations of specific conductance, ph and statistical variations of different ions in Narmada-Tapti delta systems of Gujarat Cation-anion chemistry/ionic ratios/cross plots
6 (xviii) Trilinear plots/characterization of ionic trends Hydrogeochemical facies Correlation matrix and factor analysis Classification and irrigation suitability of groundwaters based on sodium percentages, sodium adsorption ratios and residual sodium carbonate CHAPTER 6: SALINE FRESH WATER INTERRELATIONSHIPS, ESTIMATIONS OF INTERFACE STRUCTURES AND MANAGEMENT MITIGATION STRATEGIES 6.1 Saline Fresh Water Interactions: Principles and Processes Ghyben - Herzberg concept Cooper s concept Hubbert s concept Glover s concept Tidal impacts near coastal margins Saline-Fresh Water Interface Dynamics Some Theoretical Considerations Phreatic groundwater replenished by rain Oceanic islands Semi confined aquifer system replenished by rain Confined aquifers Groundwater Abstraction Scenarios in Phreatic and Confined Aquifers and their Impacts on Interface Phreatic aquifer Confined aquifers Interface upconing Techniques/Methodologies for Identification of Interface Depth Profiles in Coastal Systems Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical approaches Surface geophysical approaches Sub surface geophysical approaches Estimations of Interface Structures in Coastal Delta Complexes Application Derivation of hypothetical chemical analyses Analyses and interpretation Interface structure for Mahanadi-Brahmini-Baitarni delta region Interface structure for Ponnaiyar-Vellar delta region Interface structure for Cauvery delta region Interface structure for Vaigai delta region Interface structure for Bhagiradhi-Hoogly delta region
7 (xix) 6.6 Estimations of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) in the Coastal Delta Systems Driving forces Measurements/approaches Preliminary estimations of SGD flows along the major coastal delta basins Management/Mitigation Strategies Numerical models Analytical models Sharp interface models Miscible interface models Groundwater management models Global climate change and sea level rise Numerical models related to sea level rise Mitigation and management strategies Future challenges ahead References Index
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