WATER ON AND UNDER GROUND. Objectives. The Hydrologic Cycle

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1 WATER ON AND UNDER GROUND Objectives Define and describe the hydrologic cycle. Identify the basic characteristics of streams. Define drainage basin. Describe how floods occur and what factors may make them worse. Define recurrence interval and show how it is used to predict floods. Define water table. Identify two types of aquifers. The Hydrologic Cycle Hydrology The scientific study of water Evaporation Water changes from a liquid into water Transpiration Water taken up by plants passes into the atmosphere Condensation Water changes from a vapor into a liquid or a solid 1

2 The Hydrologic Cycle Water in the Earth system Precipitation Water that has condensed in the atmosphere falls back to the surface as rain, snow, or hail Surface runoff Precipitation that drains over the land or stream channels Infiltration The process by which water works its way into the ground though small openings in the soil Evapotranspiration The Hydrologic Cycle The Hydrologic Cycle 2

3 The Hydrologic Cycle How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flow Stream A body of water that flows downslope along a clearly defined natural passageway How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flow Channel The clearly defined passageway through which a stream flows Straight Meandering Braided 3

4 Qu Appelle Valley, Manitoba Meandering Stream Braided stream How Water Affects Land Streams and stream flows Gradient The steepness of a stream channel Discharge The mount of water passing by a point on a channel s bank during a unit of time Load The suspended and dissolved sediment carried by a stream 4

5 Discharge is the amount of water that flows through a channel. Discharge is calculated by first finding the cross-sectional area of a stream and then multiplying this times the velocity. The result will always be in a measure of volume per unit time. Rather than trying to measure streams everywhere all the time, stream gages (measure points) are used to estimate flow. Where Does Sediment Come From? Stream sediment is called load. One way streams procure sediment is by erosion itself. Particles loosened by weathering are picked up in surface runoff and transported to the stream channel. 5

6 Mass movement events may move loose material downslope into the stream channel, the second way streams procure sediment. The third way streams procure sediment: the stream itself may also erode the banks of its channel and that sediment too becomes part of the stream s load. Here we can visualize the various motions of bedload particles and see how small eddy currents keep suspended load entrained. Sediment Load 6

7 e_art/hdew_2e.html?oxbowlake Floodplains Meander Abandonment Why a sinuous stream meanders 7

8 How water Affects Land Stream deposits Alluvium Stream sediment Recently deposited (geologically speaking) Floodplain Natural Levee Alluvial fan (right) Delta Suspended-load deposits build up floodplains. Stream deposit Delta: deposition of stream sediment in a standing body of water like a lake sea, or ocean. Delta 8

9 Erosion of the Mississippi Delta Building of artificial levees, dams, etc. starve a delta of sediment. Erosion by waves then begins to erode the delta. How Water Affects Land Drainage basin The total area from which water flows into a stream Divide A topographic high that separates adjacent drainage basins Lakes Standing bodies of water that have open surfaces, in direct contact with the atmosphere The Drainage Basin: all the area that supplies water to a stream and its tributaries 9

10 Boundaries of a watershed are called divides; indicated by the black dashed lines. Lakes: collect water from rain, runoff, and groundwater. Usually have stream outlet Water as a Hazard and a Resource Floods An event in which a body of water overflows its banks Flood prediction and prevention Flood frequency curve Recurrence interval Channelization 10

11 Floods (Flows greater than bankfull capacity) Flash floods Due to high intensity rainfall, usually seasonal. Intense rain cannot be absorbed quickly enough, so it runs off into streams. Flash floods associated with canyons are generally the deepest and often most damaging (below right). These events are rapid (flash) and difficult to predict. Water as a Hazard and a Resource Hydrographs of stream discharge 11

12 Water as a Hazard and a Resource Water as a Hazard and a Resource Flood Frequency Curve Water as a Hazard and a Resource Surface water resources Reliable water supply critical to human survival and health, agriculture and other economic activities Nearly 250 million people are designated as water-scarce 12

13 Freshwater Underground Ground water Subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and bedrock Water table The top surface of the saturated zone Freshwater Underground 30% 15% How groundwater moves Porosity The percentage of the total volume of a body of rock or regolith that consists of open spaces (pores) Permeability Measure of how easily a solid allows fluids to pass through it 13

14 Freshwater Underground How groundwater moves (continued) Percolation Groundwater seeps downward Flows under the influence of gravity Recharge Replenishment of groundwater Freshwater Underground How groundwater moves (continued) Discharge Subsurface water leaves the saturated zone Becomes surface water Spring Occurs where the water table intersects the land surface 14

15 Freshwater Underground Where groundwater is stored Aquifer A body of rock or regolith that is water saturated, porous, and permeable Aquiclude A layer of impermeable rock Artesian well Wells in confined aquifers 15

16 Freshwater Underground When groundwater dissolves rock Karst topography Sinkholes Cave Underground open space A cavern is a system of connected caves Major karst landforms Dolines (sinkholes) Collapse dolines Colorado Plateau 16

17 Collapse dolines Edwards Limestone, Texas: recharge area for Edwards Aquifer Solution or subsidence doline Mitchell Plain, Indiana Caves and Speleothems Column Stalactite Stalagmite 17

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