Physiological (Ecology of North American Plant Communities

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1 Physiological (Ecology of North American Plant Communities EDITED BY BRIAN F. CHABOT Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University AND HAROLD A. MOONEY Department of Biological Sciences Stanford University UNIVERSITATS- BIBLIOTHEK NEW YORK LONDON CHAPMAN AND HALL

2 Contents Preface List of contributors 1 The historical development of physiological plant ecology W.D. BILLINGS 1.1 The beginnings 1.2 The 19th Century 1.3 The spread of physiological ecology to North America 1.4 The middle decades 1.5 The post-war revival of physiological ecology 1.6 Some thoughts about the future of physiological ecology References 2 Arctic F. STUART CHAPIN III AND GAIUS R. SHAVER 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Environment 2.3 Vegetation and growth forms 2.4 Phenology and growth 2.5 Photosynthesis and respiration 2.6 Water relations 2.7 Mobile carbon pools 2.8 Nutrient absorption, storage, and loss 2.9 Allocation 2.10 Reproduction 2.11 Summary References

3 vi Contents 3 Alpine 41 L.C. BLISS 3.1 Introduction Environment Floristics Plant communities and environmental gradients Seed germination and seedling establishment Growth forms and plant growth Plant phenology and growth Physiological responses Timberline The role of snow Summary 60 References 60 4 Taiga 66 WALTER C. OECHEL AND WILLIAM T. LAWRENCE 4.1 Introduction Vegetation zones of the taiga Environment Growth forms and phenology Controls on carbon balance Temperature response Light response Water stress Nutrient relations Production Causes of timberline Fire ecology > Establishment and reproduction Succession Summary and research needs 90 References 91 5 Western montane forests 95 W.K. SMITH 5.1 Introduction Environment Ecophysiology Summary and perspectives 114 References 120

4 Contents vii 6 Coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest 127 JAMES P. LASSOIE, THOMAS M. HINCKLEY AND CHARLES C. GRIER 6.1 Introduction Community structure Physiological characteristics and responses Tree structure Conclusion 153 References Annuals and perennials of warm deserts 162 JAMES EHLERINGER 7.1 Introduction The physical environment Phenology and life cycle adaptations Leaf and canopy adaptations Photosynthetic and water relations adaptations Summary 177 References Desert succulents 181 PARK S. NOBEL \ 8.1 Introduction Water relations CO 2 uptake and acidity changes Thermal relations Conclusions 193 References Cold desert 198 M. CALDWELL 9.1 Introduction Photosynthesis in the cold desert environment The moisture constraint The salinity constraint Carbon balance of cold desert shrubs Nitrogen Summary: stress in the cold desert 210 References Chaparral 213 H.A. MOONEY AND P.C. MILLER 10.1 Extent and general character Early ecological studies 213

5 viii Contents 10.3 Environmental rhythms Growth forms and vegetation rhythms Water balance Carbon balance Nutrient balance Fire ecology Summary 227 References Grasslands 232 PAUL G. RISSER 11.1 Introduction Plant response to environmental conditions Summary 245 References Deciduous forest 257 DAVID J. HICKS AND BRIAN F. CHABOT 12.1 Introduction Geography and vegetation Forest structure \ Plant response to seasonal environments Other periodic stresses Summary 273 References Tropical and subtropical forests 278 ROBERT W. PEARCY AND ROBERT H. ROBICHAUX 13.1 Introduction Distribution of tropical and subtropical forests Physiological ecology of tropical and subtropical forest species Physiological ecology of Hawaiian forest species Summary. 292 References Marine beach and dune plant communities 296 MICHAEL G. BARBOUR, THEODORE M. DE JONG AND BRUCE M.PAVLIK 14.1 Introduction Light and temperature Water relations Salt spray Soil salinity Soil nutrients 308

6 Contents ix 14.7 Sand movement Deductions from floristic analyses Summary 316 References Coastal marshes 323 B.L. HAINES AND E.L. DUNN 15.1 Introduction Environmental stress Plant responses and adaptations Ecosystem properties affected by plant ecophysiology Management implications Conclusions and future research needs 339 References 341 Index 348

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