Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p.

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1 Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p. 2 Mid-Ocean Ridge Province p. 3 Benthic and Pelagic Provinces p. 3 Benthic Province p. 3 Pelagic Province p. 4 Conversion Factors, Measures, and Units p. 5 General Features of the Earth p. 10 General Characteristics of the Oceans p. 14 Topographic Data p. 17 Marine Chemistry Seawater Composition p. 45 Major Constituents p. 45 Minor and Trace Elements p. 46 Nutrient Elements p. 47 Nitrogen p. 47 Phosphorus p. 48 Silicon p. 48 Gases p. 48 Organic Compounds p. 49 Dissolved Constituent Behavior p. 49 Vertical Profiles p. 49 Conservative Profile p. 49 Nutrient-Type Profile p. 49 Surface Enrichment and Depletion at Depth p. 50 Mid-Depth Minima p. 50 Mid-Depth Maxima p. 50 Mid-Depth Maxima or Minima in the Suboxic Layer p. 50 Maxima and Minima in Anoxic Waters p. 50 Salinity p. 51 Periodic Table p. 54 Properties of Seawater p. 59 Atmospheric and Fluvial Fluxes p. 68 Composition of Seawater p. 76 Trace Elements p. 88 Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry p. 98 Organic Matter p. 107

2 Decomposition of Organic Matter p. 126 Oxygen p. 128 Nutrients p. 136 Carbon p. 153 Physical Oceanography Subject Areas p. 167 Properties of Seawater p. 167 Temperature p. 167 Salinity p. 168 Density p. 168 Open Ocean Circulation p. 169 Wind-Driven Circulation p. 169 Ocean Gyres p. 169 Meanders, Eddies, and Rings p. 169 Equatorial Currents p. 170 Antarctic Circumpolar Current p. 171 Convergences and Divergences p. 171 Ekman Transport, Upwelling, and Downwelling p. 171 Langmuir Circulation p. 172 Surface Water Circulation p. 172 Atlantic Ocean p. 172 Pacific Ocean p. 173 Indian Ocean p. 173 Southern Ocean p. 173 Arctic Sea p. 173 Thermohaline Circulation p. 174 Atlantic Ocean p. 174 Pacific Ocean p. 174 Indian Ocean p. 175 Arctic Sea p. 175 Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Circulation p. 176 Estuaries p. 176 Coastal Ocean p. 177 Currents p. 177 Fronts p. 178 Waves p. 178 Kelvin and Rossby Waves p. 178 Edge Waves p. 179 Seiches p. 179 Internal Waves p. 179 Tides p. 179

3 Surface Waves p. 180 Tsunamis p. 182 Direct and Remote Sensing (Oceanographic Applications) p. 185 Light p. 193 Temperature p. 196 Salinity p. 201 Tides p. 206 Wind p. 211 Waves and Their Properties p. 215 Coastal Waves and Currents p. 220 Circulation in Estuaries p. 238 Ocean Circulation p. 258 Marine Geology Plate Tectonics Theory p. 279 Seafloor Topographic Features p. 280 Mid-Ocean Ridges p. 280 Deep Ocean Floor p. 282 Abyssal Hills p. 282 Abyssal Plains p. 283 Seamounts p. 283 Aseismic Ridges p. 283 Deep-Sea Trenches p. 284 Continental Margins p. 285 Continental Shelf p. 285 Continental Slope p. 285 Continental Rise p. 286 Sediments p. 286 Deep Ocean Floor p. 286 Terrigenous Sediment p. 287 Biogenous Sediment p. 288 Calcareous Oozes p. 288 Siliceous Oozes p. 289 Pelagic Sediment Distribution p. 289 Authigenic Sediment p. 290 Volcanogenic Sediment p. 291 Cosmogenic Sediment p. 291 Deep-Sea Sediment Thickness p. 291 Continental Margins p. 291 Continental Shelves p. 292 Continental Slopes and Rises p. 293 Composition and Structure of the Earth p. 297

4 Ocean Basins p. 303 Continental Margins p. 305 Submarine Canyons and Oceanic Trenches p. 311 Plate Tectonics, Mid-Ocean Ridges, and Oceanic Crust Formation p. 335 Heat Flow p. 353 Hydrothermal Vents p. 362 Lava Flows and Seamounts p. 384 Marine Mineral Deposits p. 397 Marine Sediments p. 404 Estuaries, Beaches, and Continental Shelves p. 410 Marine Biology Introduction p. 441 Bacteria p. 441 Phytoplankton p. 444 Major Taxonomic Groups p. 445 Diatoms p. 445 Dinoflagellates p. 445 Coccolithophores p. 445 Silicoflagellates p. 446 Primary Productivity p. 446 Zooplankton p. 447 Zooplankton Classifications p. 447 Classification by Size p. 447 Classification by Length of Planktonic Life p. 448 Holoplankton p. 448 Meroplankton p. 448 Tychoplankton p. 449 Benthos p. 450 Benthic Flora p. 450 Salt Marshes p. 452 Seagrasses p. 453 Mangroves p. 454 Benthic Fauna p. 454 Spatial Distribution p. 455 Reproduction and Larval Dispersal p. 456 Feeding Strategies, Burrowing, and Bioturbation p. 457 Biomass and Species Diversity p. 458 Biomass p. 458 Diversity p. 459 Coral Reefs p. 459 Nekton p. 460

5 Fish p. 460 Representative Fish Faunas p. 461 Estuaries p. 461 Pelagic Environment p. 461 Neritic Zone p. 461 Epipelagic Zone p. 461 Mesopelagic Zone p. 461 Bathypelagic Zone p. 461 Abyssopelagic Zone p. 461 Benthic Environment p. 461 Supratidal Zone p. 461 Intertidal Zone p. 461 Subtidal Zone p. 462 Bathyal Zone p. 462 Abyssal Zone p. 462 Hadal Zone p. 462 Crustaceans and Cephalopods p. 462 Marine Reptiles p. 462 Marine Mammals p. 463 Seabirds p. 463 Marine Organisms: Major Groups and Composition p. 470 Biological Production in the Ocean p. 479 Bacteria and Protozoa p. 491 Marine Plankton p. 497 Benthic Flora p. 504 Benthic Fauna p. 541 Nekton p. 561 Fisheries p. 571 Food Webs p. 572 Carbon Flow p. 580 Coastal Systems p. 587 Deep-Sea Systems p. 594 Marine Pollution and Other Anthropogenic Impacts Introduction p. 621 Types of Anthropogenic Impacts p. 622 Marine Pollution p. 622 Nutrient Loading p. 622 Organic Carbon Loading p. 624 Oil p. 625 Toxic Chemicals p. 627 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons p. 627

6 Halogenated Hydrocarbons p. 628 Heavy Metals p. 630 Radioactive Substances p. 631 Other Anthropogenic Impacts p. 632 Coastal Development p. 632 Marine Debris p. 633 Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal p. 634 Oil Production and Marine Mining p. 635 Exploitation of Fisheries p. 635 Boats and Marinas p. 636 Electric Generating Stations p. 637 Altered Natural Flows p. 638 Introduced Species p. 638 Conclusions p. 639 Sources of Marine Pollution p. 647 Watershed Effects p. 654 Contamination Effects on Organisms p. 671 Nutrients p. 683 Organic Carbon p. 694 Sewage Waste p. 709 Pathogens p. 721 Oil p. 724 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons p. 738 Halogenated Hydrocarbons p. 754 Heavy Metals p. 785 Radioactive Waste p. 807 Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal p. 826 Index p. 837 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AN INTRODUCTION 0 ^ J ty - y\ 2 S CAROL M. LALLI and TIMOTHY R. PARSONS University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD NEW YORK SEOUL TOKYO ABOUT THIS VOLUME