Announcements. First problem set due next Tuesday. Review for first exam next Thursday. Quiz on Booth (1994) after break today.
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1 Announcements First problem set due next Tuesday. Review for first exam next Thursday. Quiz on Booth (1994) after break today. Intertidal, Lowes Cove, ME Marine Sediments: Clues to the ocean s past There is more to mud than meets the eye Learning goals: 1: Determine factors that control distributions of sediment types 2: Interpret oceans history using sediment tracers Casco Bay, ME 1
2 Small-scale biological components of sediment Classifying mud (large-scale perspective) Major sediment classes based on sediment source: terrigenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, cosmogenous Terrigenous sediments - primarily coastal Origin: Weathering of continental crust: Physical weathering physical breakup of minerals into grains Biogenous sediments - primarily pelagic Oozes (> 3% biogenic material) Calcareous ooze Composed of the remains of Formaminifera, coccolithophores, pteropods, other calcareous organisms Siliceous ooze Composed of the remains of diatoms, radiolarians Chemical weathering dissolution of minerals, produces clays Transport: Rivers, wind (pelagic clays), glaciers Diatoms (centric and pennate) Foraminifera Radiolaria Coccolithophore 2
3 Non-biogenic sediment of open ocean (deep, low productivity) - Abyssal clay - Sediments of slope and continental rise: Mixture of neritic (terrigenous) and pelagic sediments Plate-shaped, often negatively charged. Nearshore, generated by chemical weathering or glaciers, transported by rivers. Offshore, transported by wind NASA Manganese nodules: hydrogenous sediment Fe/Mn crusts found near ridges Mn nodules found in areas of with low rates of sedimentation Growth rate: <1 cm / 6 years Contains: Mostly Mn and Fe, but also Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr Continental rise and abyssal plain turbidite deposits: Alternating layers of coarse and fine-grained terrigenous & biogenous sediment 3
4 Large-scale sediment distributions: Supply > dilution + dissolution Large-scale sediment distributions: Supply > dilution + dissolution 4
5 Calcite (CaCO 3 ) solubility Depth (saturation or CCD) Distribution of calcareous oozes = f(water depth) Calcite compensation depth (CCD) (Calcium carbonate compensation depth) Geochemical definition: The depth at which the rate of supply of CaCO 3 = the rate of dissolution at the sediment surface Geological definition: The depth where CaCO 3 drops to -2% by mass Factors controlling CCD (z cc ): (pressure, flux of CaCO 3, deep [CO 3-2 ]) CaCO 3 Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- Dependent upon pressure (depth) and ph CO 2 + H 2 H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3-2H + + CO 3 2- Blue line is CCD Increasing pressure and increasing CO 2 at depth shifts equilibrium, increasing H + (lowering ph) and reducing CO Solubility 3x higher at m Little calcareous ooze below ~4, m ( (~ km in Atlantic ~4 km in Pacific) Z sat = saturation depth Z cc = CCD Current conditions (avg CCD ~ 4 m) Figure from Boudreau et al. 2 Rules of sediment distribution Sediment distributions: Calcareous ooze, siliceous ooze, abyssal clay, and terrigenous sediment Rate of supply vs. rate of dissolution or dilution Nearshore, terrigenous sediment dilutes all others Offshore and shallower than CCD, calcareous ooze dilutes all others Deeper than CCD, under areas of high productivity, siliceous ooze dilutes all others Deeper than CCD, under areas of low productivity, abyssal clay predominates (not diluted by other types)
6 Rates of sediment accumulation River deltas: - mm/year (or greater in some cases) Nearshore ~ 1-2 mm/year (same rate as sea level rise) But, this varies depending upon local uplift or subsidence Deep sea, 1- mm/ 3 years (Rule of thumb: < 1cm / y) Question: How to manganese nodules stay on the surface? Mn-nodule growth rate: 1- mm/ 6 years (Rule of thumb: < 1 cm / 1,, y) Direction of Particle Movement Burrow Construction Feeding Mode of Cirriformia grandis Size-selective Feeding by Cirriformia grandis 7 Sediment Worm Gut Bead Size (mm) 6
7 Relative Bead Concentration Relative Bead Concentration Small particles are transported to depth 1 2 Size: mm 2 Size: mm Big particles stay near the surface Size: mm 2 Size: mm Sediments and paleoceanography Requirements: Means of dating sediment (radionuclide dating, paleomagnetism) Tracers for past environmental conditions Paleothermometers: Oxygen isotopes ratios (d 18 O) in carbonate shells of foraminifera or in glacial ice: 18 O: 16 O (Temperature + Global Ice Volume) Relative abundance of different species of foraminifera (Temp) Mg/Ca ratios in foraminifera shells (Temp) Alkenones found in marine organic material (Temp) If you want to look deep into the earth s past (~ MY) Where would you collect sediment cores? 7
8 Effect of temperature on Mg/Ca ratio in foraminfera CaCO 3 Paleotemperature comparisons Species of Globigerinoides Winter Summer Fauna Temperature ( C) Elderfield and Ganssen, 2, Nature Elderfield and Ganssen, 2, Nature Temperature change in southern ocean over. million years Mg/Ca temperature δ 18 O temperature Summary Sediments are combinations of terrigenous particles, organism parts, authigenic (hydrogenous) and cosmogenic particles Sediment distributions result from differences in supply, dilution, and dissolution of sediment from different sources Nearshore sediments: terrestrial origin (terrigenous) Continental rise: may be composed of turbidites (alternating layers of coarser terrigenous sediments and finer terrigenous & biogenous sediment) Open ocean: Biogenous sediments: Calcareous oozes widespread in areas shallower than CCD. Siliceous oozes found only in productive waters deeper than the CCD. Clays: Found deeper than the CCD in areas of relatively low productivity, and downwind of large deserts. Elderfield et al. 29 Sediments record ocean history, read by measuring tracers to determine the age of each stratum and indicators of past environmental conditions. 8
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