Salinity distribution in the Oceans
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1 Salinity distribution in the Oceans Average practical salinity of open ocean waters /58
2 Salinity distribution in the Oceans Factors that control seawater salinity: 1) Evaporation 2) Precipitation (rainfall) 3) Concentration of salts in freezing seawater 4) Dilution with melting ice 5) Continental runoff 6) Transport by ocean currents 7) Mixing 8) Seepage of groundwater 9) Dissolution of ancient evaporite deposits and salt domes Whereas the first five are effective only at the sea surface, at depth, the salinity distribution is governed almost exclusively by 6) and 7). Other factors (e.g., 8) and 9)) are only of local significance. 2/58
3 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (the balance between evaporation and precipitation) 3/58
4 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (evaporation and precipitation atmospheric circulation) Jet stream 4/58
5 Earth Global Circulation 5/58
6 The surface currents of the world oceans Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean 6/58
7 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ice formation and brine rejection) Brine channels Ice stalactites 7/58
8 8/58
9 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (stratified and mixed estuaries) 9/58
10 10/58
11 Strait of Belle-Isle LOWER UPPER RIVER Cabot Strait Freshwater discharge = 11,900 m 3 s -1 11/58
12 The St. Lawrence Estuary (a partially stratified estuary) /58
13 Anticosti Channel Esquiman Channel Tadoussac Rimouski Trois-Pistoles Cabot Strait 13/58
14 The St. Lawrence Estuary, Gulf and continental shelf Belle-Isles Strait Tadoussac Laurentian Trough Anticosti Channel Esquiman Channel Rimouski Cabot Strait Laurentian Trough 14/58
15 R/V CORIOLIS II 15/58
16 16/58
17 17/58
18 The St. Lawrence Estuary (a partially stratified estuary) 0 IML , 07-NOV :47: Depth (m) Oxygen saturation (%) Temperature ( C) Salinity Density σ (kg m -3 ) 18/58
19 0 100 The St. Lawrence Estuary (a partially stratified estuary) Lower St- Lawrence Estuary Gulf of St-Lawrence Surface Layer Intermediate (Cold) Layer (<0 C) Atlantic Continental Shelf Depth (m) Deep Layer (S= 34.6 T= ~5 C) TADOUSSAC CABOT STRAIT Distance from Quebec City (km) 19/58
20 0 100 The St. Lawrence Estuary (a partially stratified estuary) Lower St- Lawrence Estuary Gulf of St-Lawrence Surface Layer Intermediate (Cold) Layer (<0 C) Atlantic Continental Shelf Depth (m) Deep Layer (S= 34.6 T= ~5 C) TADOUSSAC CABOT STRAIT Distance from Quebec City (km) 20/58
21 21/58
22 The Saguenay Fjord 22/58
23 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ocean currents and circulation) 23/58
24 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ocean currents and circulation) Salinity T Depth (m) /58
25 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ocean currents and circulation) 25/58
26 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ocean currents and circulation) 26/58
27 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ocean currents and circulation) AAIW AADW AABW AABW Antarctic Bottom Water AADW Antarctic Deep Water AAIW Antarctic Intermediate Water NADW North Atlantic Deep Water 27/58
28 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (ocean currents and circulation) AABW 28/58
29 29/58
30 The thermohaline circulation 30/58
31 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (the signature of water masses and T-S diagrams) 31/58
32 Geochemical tracers of ocean circulation t 1/2 = yrs t 1/2 = 5730 yrs One TU = 1 atom of tritium for every atoms of hydrogen. 32/58
33 Geochemical tracers of ocean circulation = ventilation time or age of the water mass 33/58
34 Geochemical tracers of ocean circulation Atlantic Ocean 34/58
35 Geochemical tracers of ocean circulation 35/58
36 The thermohaline circulation 36/58
37 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (the signature of water masses and T-S diagrams) 37/58
38 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (mixing and caballing) T mix (m 1 T 1 + m 2 T 2 )/(m 1 + m 2 ) S mix = (m 1 S 1 + m 2 S 2 )/(m 1 + m 2 ) 38/58
39 Long-term mean temperature, salinity and DO saturation estimated on the kg m -3 potential density surface. Gilbert et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. (2005) 39/58
40 Salinity distribution in the Oceans (mixing, caballing and tie lines) % Labrador/28% WC Atlantic % Labrador/47% WC Atlantic Gilbert et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. (2005) 40/58
41 Validity of the law of constant relative proportions 1. Estuarine Mixing 2. Anoxic Basins 3. Freezing 4. Precipitation and Dissolution 5. Evaporation 6. Submarine Volcanism 7. Admixture with Brines 8. Diagenesis 41/58
42 River compositions Europe Africa Asia K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + Cl - SiO 2 SO 4 2- HCO 3 - NO 3 - Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Na + Cl - SiO 2 SO 4 2- HCO 3 - K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + Cl - SiO 2 SO 4 2- HCO 3 - NO 3 - N. America S. America Australia K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Na + SiO Cl - 2 SO 4 2- HCO 3 - K + Cl - SO 4 2- Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + SiO 2 - HCO 3 K + SO 4 2- Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + Cl - SiO 2 HCO 3-42/58
43 Seawater and mean river compositions Seawater River Water Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ SO 4 2- K + SO 4 2- Na + Cl - Cl - SiO 2 HCO 3-43/58
44 Anoxic basin Sea River S = 10 S =35 O 2 H 2 S SO CH 2 O H 2 S + 2 HCO 3-44/58
45 Anoxic basin (Black Sea) 0 TEMPERATURE ( o C) SIGMA - T DEPTH (m) S DEPTH (m) t SALINITY /58
46 Anoxic basin (Black Sea) Mn (µm) Co (nm) Ni (nm) Cu (nm) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) Fe (nm) Pb (pm) Cd (pm) Zn (nm) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) /58
47 Anoxic basin (Framvaren Fjord, Norway) 47/58
48 Anoxic basin (Framvaren Fjord, Norway) Salinity O 2 (µm) Oxygen DEPTH (m) Temp. Salinity σ t DEPTH (m) Sulfide Temperature ( o C) and Sigma-T H 2 S (mm) SO CH 2 O H 2 S + 2 HCO 3-48/58
49 Anoxic basin (Framvaren Fjord, Norway) 0 Mn (µm) Co (nm) Ni (nm) Cu (nm) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) Fe (nm) Pb (pm) Cd (pm) Zn (nm) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) /58
50 Anoxic basin (Framvaren Fjord, Norway) TCO 2 (mm) DEPTH (m) O 2, H 2 S (µm) Fe(II) Mn(II) Oxygen Sulfide Mn(II) (µm) Fe(II) (µm) DEPTH (m) ph ph TCO 2 TA TA (mm) 50/58
![Anoxic basin (Cariaco Trench) SALINITY 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 0 [O 2 ] (µm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 TA (mmol kg -1 ) 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 ph 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 0 200 Temp.](/docs-images/90/103241779/images/51-0.jpg "200 Oxygen 200 DEPTH (m) 400 600 800 1000 Sigma-T Salinity DEPTH (m) 400 600 800 1000 Sulfide DEPTH (m) 400 600 800 1000 ph TA TCO 2 1200 1200 1200 1400 15 20 25 30 TEMPERATURE ( o C) 1400 0 20 40 60")
51 Anoxic basin (Cariaco Trench) SALINITY [O 2 ] (µm) TA (mmol kg -1 ) ph Temp. 200 Oxygen 200 DEPTH (m) Sigma-T Salinity DEPTH (m) Sulfide DEPTH (m) ph TA TCO TEMPERATURE ( o C) [H 2 S] (µm) TCO 2 (mmol kg-1 ) 51/58
52 Freezing (ice formation and brine rejection) Brine channels Besides excluding salts when ice forms, some differential fractionation of the major ions takes place during freezing. For example, sea ice retains proportionally more sulfate than chloride and, consequently, the SO 4 2- :Cl - ratio is lowered in the residual water. 52/58
53 Precipitation of minerals Bahamas Banks Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- CaCO 3(s) 53/58
54 Precipitation of minerals/evaporation (evaporative basins) Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- CaCO 3(s) Ca 2+ + SO H 2 O CaSO 4 2H 2 O (s) Na + + Cl - NaCl (s) 54/58
55 Submarine volcanism Water debouching from hydrothermal vents at mid-ocean ridges are devoid of Mg 2+ and SO 4 2- but rich in trace metals. 55/58
56 Admixture of brines/mineral dissolution (Orca Basin) NaCl (s) Na + + Cl - CaSO 4 2H 2 O (s) Ca 2+ + SO H 2 O 56/58
57 Admixture of brines/dissolution of minerals (Red Sea) NaCl (s) Na + + Cl - CaSO 4 2H 2 O (s) Ca 2+ + SO H 2 O 57/58
58 Diagenesis The degradation of organic matter in the sediments, the precipitation of authigenic minerals, the dissolution of detrital or biogenic minerals and the interactions (adsorption) with solids in the sediment result in significant variations of the relative elemental concentration ratios. 58/58
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