Sedimentary Rocks and Processes

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1 Sedimentary Rocks and Processes

2 Weathering Sedimentary Processes Breakdown of pre-existing rock by physical and chemical processes Transport Movement of sediments from environments of relatively high potential energy Deposition Settling of sediments in environments of relatively low potential energy Diagenesis Chemical changes that occur after sediments are buried

3 Weathering Sedimentary Processes Physical Weathering Mechanical breaking of rock into smaller pieces (clasts) No new minerals formed Chemical Weathering Reaction of rocks with air or water New minerals formed at the expense of less stable minerals Transport Deposition Diagenesis

4 Abrasion Physical Weathering Grinding/scratching by rock fragments (e.g., sandblasting)

5 Physical Weathering Frost Wedging Ice has approximately 8% greater volume than liquid water Ice in cracks expands and creates an extensional stress

6 Physical Weathering Root Wedging Trees take root in existing cracks in rocks As tree grows, the expanding root pries rock apart

7 Salt Wedging Physical Weathering Salt crystals that precipitate in pores due to evaporation of saline solutions will expand when heated and create stress

8 Dissolution Chemical Weathering H 2 CO 3 + CaCO 3 Ca 2+ (aq) + 2HCO 3 - (aq) Dissolution of calcite in carbonic acid All rainwater is a weak carbonic acid solution CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) H 2 CO 3(aq) H + (aq) + HCO 3- (aq)

9 4 KAlSi 3 O 8 8 H 2 O 4 H Al 4 Si 4 O 10 ( OH ) 8 4 H 4 SiO 4 4 K ( aq ) Hydrolysis Chemical Weathering In hydrolysis a molecule is split into two parts by reacting with water. One product includes an OH - from the water molecule, whereas H + is added to another Mg 2 SiO 4 + H 2 O 2Mg 2+ (aq) + 4OH - + 4H 4 SiO 4 (aq) Hydrolysis of olivine produces a solution (mineral dissolves) Silicic Acid (Dissolved Silica) 2KAlSi 3 O 8 + 2H 2 CO 3 + 9H 2 O Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + 4H 4 SiO 4 (aq) + 2K + + 2HCO 3 - Hydrolysis of K-feldspar produces kaolinite (clay product)

10 Oxidation Chemical Weathering 4FeS O H 2 O 4FeO(OH) + 8SO H + Oxidation of pyrite to form limonite 4 FeSiO 3(s) + O 2(g) + 8H 2 O 2Fe 2 O 3(s) + 4H 4 SiO 4(aq) Oxidation and hydrolysis of pyroxene to form hematite

11 Bowen s Reaction Series and Chemical Weathering

12 Chemical Weathering Start with feldspars and Fe-bearing Silicate minerals End with clays, limonite, hematite, and a loss of Si, Ca, Na, and K into solution

13 Weathering and Climate

14 Weathering Transport Sedimentary Processes Movement of sediments from environments of relatively high potential energy Moved by wind or water Sorted and stratified Relatively fine-grained (sand by air; pebbles by water) Moved by glacier or gravity flow Unsorted and unstratified Clay to boulders Deposition Diagenesis

15 Sorted vs Unsorted Sediments

16 Sorted vs Unsorted Sediments Well-Sorted Stream Deposits Poorly Sorted Glacial Deposits

17 Weathering Transport Sedimentary Processes Deposition Settling Sediment grains stop moving when there is insufficient energy to move them farther Precipitation Growth of new minerals from oversaturated water Diagenesis

18 Sediment Classification by Grain Size Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Mudstone/Shale

19 Grain Size and Depositional Environments

20 Deposition by Precipitation (Chemical Sediments) Normal seawater has a salinity of 35g/kg Only 6 ions comprise 99% of the ions dissolved in seawater: Cl wt% Na wt% SO wt% Mg wt% Ca wt% K wt% Marine precipitates will be composed of these ions.

21 Deposition by Precipitation (Chemical Sediments) Mineral Composition Solubility (mol/l) Calcite CaCO Gypsum CaSO 4 2H 2 O Magnesite MgCO Halite NaCl CaCl 2 6H 2 O 7.38 Why is CaCl 2 6H 2 O not a naturally occurring evaporite mineral?

22 Chemical Sediments Limestone are the most common chemical sediment Common in shallow, tropical, marine environments Evaporites (deposits of gypsum and halite) are restricted to hot, arid environments where evaporation rates are high

23 Limestone Reef and Lagoon

24 Fossiliferous Limestone

25 Evaporite Deposits

26 Diagenesis: Cementation Precipitation of minerals from solutions in pore water Composition of ground water varies greatly depending on such variables as bedrock composition and rainfall Calcite and dolomite might develop in hard-water areas Clays and quartz might develop in soft-water areas Limonite and hematite may occur in environments rich in iron (terrestrial) Pyrite may occur in rocks where the pore waters were anoxic