Introduction to Oceanography
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1 Introduction to Oceanography Lecture 10: Marine sediment 2 Midterm review session (Q&A): Thursday, Oct. 26, 5:00p-6:00p, Dodd 147 Extra credit video screening: Friday, Oct. 27, 3:00-4:00p, Location TBD Vancouver, Canada, E. Schauble, UCLA How Do We Study Sediments on the Seafloor? Photo by Gleam, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons A S-A 3.0, Chikyu_2.jpg Drilling ships operated by international science coops, e.g., JOIDES JAMSTEC Ship Chikyu 1
2 Genetic Classification of Sediments Terrigenous: from continents Biogenous: from biological sources Hydrogenous: seawater precipitates Sometimes referred to as authigenic -- means formed in place Cosmogenous: extraterrestrial sources An interlude: Grain Size Sediment Classification Typical Particle Sizes: Particle Name Gravel, Granules & Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Particle Diameter 2-64 mm mm mm < mm Peas: Renee Comet, Natl. Cancer Inst., Public Domain, d=2612; Sugar, Fritzs, Wikimedia Commons, CC A S-A 3.0, d=2612; Powdered sugar, Wikimedia Commons, JonathanLamb, Public Domain, Printer, Wikimedia Commons, Pierre Bauduin, CC A S-A 3.0, 2
3 Grain Size Dependent Transport High energy Low energy Pebbles: Hard to transport (storms, big surf, fast rivers & steep streams) Sand: in the middle (small surf, most rivers & streams) Clays: Easy to transport (tides, slow streams & rivers, long range transport by wind) Movie by John Gaffney, U. Minnesota, OI0uUIAw Biogenous Sediments Mostly skeletal material produced by dominant species of plankton floating ocean organisms die, shells settle to the sea floor & lithify Calcareous: skeletal materials of CaCO 3 Siliceous: skeletal materials of opal (SiO 2 nh 2 O) Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegener Institute, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons A S- A 3.0, 3
4 Calcareous (CaCO 3 ) Plankton Foraminifera Coccolithophores ~ 1x10 5 meters ~ 2.5x10 4 meters Globigerina bulloides, NOAA image, Public Domain Coccolithus pelagicus, Richard Lampitt, Jeremy Young, The Natural History Museum, London, Creative Commons A S-A 2.5, agicus.jpg Siliceous (SiO 2 ) Plankton Diatoms Radiolaria Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegener Institute, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons A S-A 2.5, P. Worstell, UCSD, 4
5 Biogenous Sediments Most plankton live near the ocean surface Calcareous shells and skeletons produced fastest in surface waters Calcareous shells & skeletons tend to dissolve quickly in the deep ocean. Siliceous shells dissolve fast near surface, slowly in deep ocean. Found in areas with lots of nutrients (few nutrients: ~little biology --> little sediment). Shallow - Calcareous Deep - Siliceous ~ 1x10 5 meters Coccolith (phytoplankton) Coccolithus pelagicus, Richard Lampitt, Jeremy Young, The Natural History Museum, London, Creative Commons A S-A 2.5, gicus.jpg Biogenic Oozes Oozes contain > 30% biogenic material Production: Shells &Skeletons Destruction: Dissolves before burial Dilution: Mixing with terrigenous sediments Oozes uncommon near continents: diluted by copious terrigenous sediments Oozes also uncommon where there are few nutrients Electron micrograph of radiolarian ooze, image by Yasuhiro Hata, Creative Commons BY-NC-SA tash/ /in/pool @N20/lightbox/, 5
6 Carbonate Compensation Depth, CCD CCD: Depth below which calcium carbonate sediments don t accumulate % Carbonate in seafloor sediments, created with GeoMapApp using Archer (2003) interpolated data. Calcite Compensation Depth, CCD CCD: Depth below which calcium carbonate sediments can t accumulate CCD depth: high acidity, cold bottom waters dissolve CaCO 3 below CCD Average Depth of CCD: 4,500 m Deeper in the Atlantic; Shallower in the Pacific Cropped from L. Bruce Railsback, U. Georgia, 6
7 Calcite Compensation Depth, CCD Cropped from L. Bruce Railsback, U. Georgia, CO 2 mixed with water makes carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ): CO 2 +H 2 O <--> H 2 CO 3 <--> H + + HCO 3 <--> 2H + + CO 3 2 More CO 2 can dissolve in cold water. Calcium carbonate dissolves in acid. In today s ocean deep waters are very cold, CO 2 -rich. Therefore, calcium carbonate tends to dissolve fastest in deeper water because it tends to be more acidic. Siliceous Oozes Siliceous oozes found underneath regions of high productivity and Below CCD Far from continents Mainly in nutrient rich zones Areas of upwelling flows around Antarctica & equator Diatomaceous earth from pool filter, Wikimedia Commons, Curtis Clark, Creative Commons A S-A 2.5, le:diatomaceous_earth_ jpg 7
8 Abyssal Clays Found where no other sediments accumulate rapidly Dominated by wind-blown dusts Common in deep basins Below CCD Regions of low bioproductivity Far from continents Dust storm, Al Asad, Iraq, Photo by Cpl. Alicia M. Garcia USMC, Public Domain, Public Domain Clay Source: Terrigenous Dusts 8
9 Introduction Hydrogenous to Oceanography Sediments Hughes Glomar Explorer. This ship wasn t built for oceanography research. US Government photo, Public Domain Hydrogenous Sedimentary Deposits Chemical deposits formed by precipitation Grow at water-sediment interface Manganese nodules Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, go.jp/jamstece/30th/part6/image/ p86_1.jpg USGS/NOAA, Public Domain, ule.gif Hughes Glomar Explorer Attribution uncertain, appears to be widely disseminated, (e.g., b.org/question/weapons/ q0268.shtml) and thus may be Public Domain 9
10 Cosmogenic Sediments Sediments from space Cosmic dust or meteorite impact Painting by Don Davis, NASA, Public Domain Younger Older K-T Boundary layer, Gulf of Mexico sediment core, MARUM Research Center Ocean Margins, Bremen University, Bremen Germany, K-T boundary in sediment Sample location Impact crater Figure based on GEBCO bathymetric map, educational use explicitly allowed Figure from Norris et al. (1997) Ocean Drilling Program Preliminary Report, 10
11 Rate of sediment addition: Sediment Type Continental Margins Deep Sea Rate (m/myr) ~ > 50 = 0.05 mm/yr fast Calcareous Siliceous 2-10 Clay Manganese Nodules slow BIG PICTURE ON SEDIMENTS Terrigenous near continents High Bioproductivity: Calcareous oozes above CCD Siliceous oozes below CCD Abyssal clays where nothing else is getting deposited Give recent (~200 Myr) historical record 11
12 Sediment, biology and seafloor age Few nutrients, less biological debris More nutrients, more biological debris CCD CCD Once buried, biogenous sediments tend not to dissolve (or do so slowly and incompletely). Thus sediment profiles record variation in sediment sources over time and space. Figure by E. Schauble, UCLA, created with Inkscape Global Distribution of Sediments Image attribution unknown 12
13 Map of seafloor sediment distribution from the Challenger expedition ( ), by John Murray (1896). Out of Copyright, Public Domain Questions Calcareous ooze particles, Paula Worstell, SIO, BOSCORF
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