Life on Earth
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- Ralph Blankenship
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2 Life on Earth
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8 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs, self-feeding, e.g. plants (phyto-) b) Heterotrophs, eat others, e.g. animals (zoo-)
9 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b) Heterotrophs By mobility a) Plankton (can float) b) Nekton (can swim) c) Benthos (confined to the bottom)
10 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b) Heterotrophs By mobility a) Plankton (floaters) b) Nekton (swimmers) c) Benthos (bottom-dwellers) By light a) Euphotic b) Disphotic c) Aphotic
11 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b) Heterotrophs By mobility a) Plankton (can float) b) Nekton (can swim) c) Benthos (confined to the bottom) By light a) Euphotic b) Disphotic c) Aphotic By habitat a) Pelagic (the water column) b) Benthic (the bottom)
12 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b) Heterotrophs By mobility a) Plankton (can float) b) Nekton (can swim) c) Benthos (confined to the bottom) By light a) Euphotic b) Disphotic c) Aphotic By habitat a) Pelagic (the water column) b) Benthic (the bottom) By origin or evolutionary classification a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Protista d) Fungi e) Plantae f) Animalia
13 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b) Heterotrophs By mobility a) Plankton (can float) b) Nekton (can swim) c) Benthos (confined to the bottom) By light a) Euphotic b) Disphotic c) Aphotic By habitat a) Pelagic (the water column) b) Benthic (the bottom) By origin or evolutionary classification a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Protista d) Fungi e) Plantae f) Animalia By position in the food chain a) Primary Producers b) Herbivores/Grazers c) Carnivores
14 By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b) Heterotrophs By mobility a) Plankton (can float) b) Nekton (can swim) c) Benthos (confined to the bottom) By light a) Euphotic b) Disphotic c) Aphotic And by ecosystem: Tidal flats Coastal waters Coral reefs Open ocean The abyss By habitat a) Pelagic (the water column) b) Benthic (the bottom) By origin or evolutionary classification a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Protista d) Fungi e) Plantae f) Animalia By position in the food chain a) Primary Producers b) Herbivores/Grazers c) Carnivores
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16 What is productivity? It is photosynthesis. Sometimes referred to as primary productivity. In its simplest form, focusing on the carbon: CO 2 + H 2 O CH 2 O + O 2 Carbon dioxide Water Carbohydrate Oxygen
17 Fig. 12-2, p. 273
18 And it s really part of a larger carbon cycle. Photosynthesis (light) CO 2 + H 2 O CH 2 O + O 2 Chemical (oxidative) energy Respiration
19 Fig. 12-3, p. 273
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21 Fig. 13-8, p. 306
22 Fig. 13-2, p. 300
23 Fig. 13-3, p. 301
24 Fig. 12-5b, p. 275
25 Fig. 12-5a, p. 275
26 Fig. 13-5a, p. 303
27 Fig. 13-5b, p. 303
28 Fig. 13-5c, p. 303
29 Fig. 13-6a, p. 304
30 Fig. 13-6b, p. 304
31 Fig. 13-7a, p. 305
32 Fig. 13-7b, p. 305
33 Fig. 13-7c, p. 305
34 Coccolithophores: calcareous phytoplankton (photosynthetic/autotrophs)
35 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs
36 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs
37 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs
38 Diatoms: siliceous (SiO 2 ) phytoplankton (photosynthetic/autotrophs)
39 Diatoms: siliceous (SiO 2 ) phytoplankton (photosynthetic/auto trophs)
40 Radiolarians: siliceous (SiO 2 ) heterotrophs
41 Radiolarians
42 Coccolithophorid QuickFacts: Cell size: 0.2 to 2 microns Cell wall: CaCO 3 coccoliths or scales Chloroplasts: none, single thylakoid membrane Photo-pigments: chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids Reproduction: simple cell division, rarely sexual reproduction Ecological roles: biflagellated, produce chalk deposits Common genus: Emiliana Diatom QuickFacts: Cell size: microns Cell wall: SiO 2 or glass frustule Chloroplasts: many/cell, 3-5 thylakoid membranes/stack Photo-pigments: chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids Reproduction: most often simple cell division, sexual reproduction Ecological roles: produce deposits (diatomaceous earth), toxic blooms Common genera: Chaetoceros, Pseudonitzschia, Skeletonema
43 However, it s a little more complicated than that, because in order to live and grow (form proteins, chlorophyll, ATP, etc.) a plant actually needs: inputs outputs Carbon dioxide water nutrients (N, P, trace elements) Light Plant Biomass (CNP) Oxygen which produces and gives off If any of these inputs is missing, photosynthesis is limited.
44 On land growth of plants can be limited by nutrients, light or water. But in the ocean growth of plants is limited only by nutrients or light.
45 Fig. 12-6a, p. 276
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47 Surface Water Phosphate Concentrations NOAA-NESDIS-National Oceanographic Data Center- Climatology
48 Surface Water Temperature (SST)
49 Depth (m) 0 0 Vertical Structure of the Open Ocean Temperature ( C) also the photic zone Surface water: a well mixed layer; single temperature; warm and buoyant The thermocline: depth of most rapid temperature change; boundary between surface and deep water Deep Water: large homogeneous body of water; cold and dense Low and Midlatitude surface water is generally well stratified 500
50 Depth (m) Depth (m) Temperature ( C) Nitrate ( mol/kg) 0 0 N Atlantic N Atlantic N N Low latitude surface water is stratified High latitude surface water is mixed Low latitude surface water is nutrient-poor High latitude surface water is nutrient-rich NABE # ; Sta 5; cast 1; EQPAC; Sta 0; 13.2 N, 142 E
51 Where does photosynthesis not occur in the ocean? At the center of oceanic gyres: Deep mixed layers and thermoclines, low winds, net downward water flux The oceanic gyres are the deserts of the ocean
52 Where does photosynthesis occur in the ocean? Along continental margins: especially near river mouths, (groundwater and river runoff, spring melt and rainy season) nearly constant Open ocean; high latitudes: seasonally active; (poor stratification due to cold air and little sunlight; nutrient-rich), light-limited Open ocean; mid to low latitudes: wind-driven upwelling (coastal, equatorial, monsoonal and sporadic; plenty of sunlight) nutrient-limited
53 Equatorial Upwelling (a) 5 N Ekman transport Equator 5 S Map view Cross section
54 Coastal Upwelling Fig. 8-15a, p. 183
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56 Examples of where there are high rates of photosynthesis in surface ocean water: Nearly all continental margins Near River Mouths: Congo, Amazon, Mississippi Coastal Upwelling: Peru, Namibia & NW Africa Open ocean; low latitudes: Equatorial Pacific, Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea), Open ocean; high latitudes: North Atlantic and Pacific, Southern Ocean (polar fronts, convergent and divergent zones)
57 And it s really part of a larger carbon cycle. Photosynthesis (light) CO 2 + H 2 O CH 2 O + O 2 Chemical (oxidative) energy Respiration
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61 Fig. 12-9, p. 277
62 Fig. 12-8, p. 277
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65 Fig. 13-9, p. 306
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69 Fig , p. 307
70 Fig , p. 308
71 Fig , p. 308
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