BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Transcription

1 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY The Living Ocean Chap 14 Production and Life Chap 15 The Plankton: Drifters of the Open Sea Chap 16 The Nekton: Free Swimmers of the Sea Chap 16

2 Groups of Organisms How do we organize life? In Reference to Habitat: Plankton, Nekton and Benthos In Reference to Taxonomy, the scientific classification of different kinds of organisms, some use the Linnean System (named after Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist) which typically has 5 Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

3 Kingdom Monera: cells, simple and unspecialized, single cells that lack a membrane-bounded nuclei, sexual recombination and internal cell compartments. Some in groups or chains. Include Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. Sometimes referred to as Prokaryotes and sometimes divided into 2 kingdoms, Kingdom Archaebacteria (Extremophiles) and Kingdom Eubacteria. Protista: Microscopic and mostly single celled Eukaryotes including autotrophs (algae) and heterotrophs (protozoa). Eukaryotes have membrane bounded nucleus containing chromosomes, have sexual recombination, and internal cell compartments. Reproduction among protists can be sexual but is usually asexual. May capture food, absorb food or photosynthesize. A convenience kingdom including all eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants or animals. (algae, forams, rads ) Fungi: Filamentous multicellular eukaryotes. Not important in marine ecosystems. Plantae: plants, primarily nonmotile, multi cellular photosynthetic autotrophs. Can be planktonic brown algae Sargassum, or benthos Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs with specialized cells, tissues and organs, include marine zooplankton and a diverse group of nekton and benthos.

4 Humans Animalia Chordata (Subphylum Vertabrata) Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo Sapiens

5 The 3 Domains: Emphasizes separation of prokaryotes into 2 groups. A new system based on genetic and biochemical research organizes life into 3 categories above the kingdom level. Members of the Monera Kingdom are placed in either the Bacteria or Archea domains. The Eukarya domain includes many single celled organisms with nuclei and animals, plants and fungi.

6 Environmental Zones, or Biozones

7 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) Marine Ecology definition... Ecological Niches Factors that control the distribution and abundance of life in the marine environment or Biozones: PHYSICAL FACTORS: PHYSICAL FACTORS: light... photic zone, (in clear ocean water: ~60% absorbed in 1 st meter, 80% gone after 10 meters and <1% left below 100 meters) vision, photosynthesis, bioluminescence pressure (table 14.2) temperature circulation... currents / waves

8 Fig. 14.9

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10 Fig. 5.8

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12 Fig brown green brown green brown brown red red red

13 Bioluminescence Golden Brown Algae

14 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) Marine Ecology definition... Ecological Niches Factors that control the distribution and abundance of life in the marine environment or Biozones: PHYSICAL FACTORS: PHYSICAL FACTORS: light... photic zone, (in clear ocean water: ~60% absorbed in 1 st meter, 80% gone after 10 meters and <1% left below 100 meters) vision, photosynthesis, bioluminescence pressure (table 14.2) temperature circulation... currents / waves

15 Table 14.2

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17 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) Ecology definition... Ecological Niches Factors that control the development & distribution of life in the marine environment or Biozones: PHYSICAL FACTORS: light... vision, photic zone, photosynthesis, bioluminescence pressure (table 14.2) temperature: can effect viscosity, floatation adaptations, surface temps change more than the deep water. Annual surface temps are small at very low and high latitudes and larger at mid latitudes. Change of temps act as signal to spawn, spring and summer reproduction and growth / winter dormancy circulation... currents / waves

18 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) CHEMICAL FACTORS: Salinity some Euryhaline fish: Salmon, Bull Shark, Herring, Molly, Trout, Sturgeon, Striped Bass, Lamprey, Tilapia, Puffer Fish some Stenohaline fish: most fresh water fish, most saltwater fish, Goldfish, Haddock - - Nutrients: NO 3 PO 3 4 SiO 4 dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5) photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition Atmosphere: N 2 78%, O 2 21%, CO 2.03% Sea Water: N 2 48%, O 2 15%, CO 2 15%

19 Fig Nitrogen Cycle Nitrate=NO 3 -

20 Fig Phosphate Cycle (PO 4 _ 3 )

21 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) CHEMICAL FACTORS: salinity nutrients dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5) photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition Atmosphere: N 2 78%, O 2 21%, CO 2.03% Sea Water: N 2 48%, O 2 15%, CO 2 15% BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation reproduction and numbers of offspring food predators... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses GEOLOGICAL FACTORS: substrate slope failure chemosynthesis plate tectonics

22 Figure 5.7

23 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) CHEMICAL FACTORS: salinity nutrients dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5) photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition Atmosphere: N 2 78%, O 2 21%, CO 2.03% Sea Water: N 2 48%, O 2 15%, CO 2 15% BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation reproduction and numbers of offspring Food, predators... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses GEOLOGICAL FACTORS: substrate slope failure Chemosynthesis Plate tectonics

24 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) CHEMICAL FACTORS: salinity nutrients dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5) photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition Atmosphere: N 2 78%, O 2 21%, CO 2.03% Sea Water: N 2 48%, O 2 15%, CO 2 15% BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation reproduction and numbers of offspring food predators... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses GEOLOGICAL FACTORS: substrate slope failure Chemosynthesis: Hydrogen Sulfide chemosynthesis = 6{CO 2 }+6{H 2 O}+3{H 2 S} C 6 H 12 O 6 +3{H 2 SO 4 } Plate Tectonics

25 Location of Chemosynthetic Biological Communities (CBC) in Monterey Bay. Mostly bacteria, clams and worms.

26 MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6) CHEMICAL FACTORS: salinity nutrients dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5) photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition Atmosphere: N 2 78%, O 2 21%, CO 2.03% Sea Water: N 2 48%, O 2 15%, CO 2 15% BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation reproduction and numbers of offspring food predators... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses GEOLOGICAL FACTORS: substrate slope failure Chemosynthesis: Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis = 6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S} C6H12O6+3{H2SO4} plate tectonics??

27 Plankton Production and Life What is Plankton? (Chaps 15 &16) Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Food Web: All the feeding relationships of a community including production, consumption, decomposition and the flow of energy. Trophic Levels and Trophic Pyramids

28 The Ocean Food Web Plant, animal and bacterial populations are dependent on the flow of energy and the recycling of nutrients through the food web. The initial energy source is the sun, which fuels the primary production in the surface layers. Herbivores graze the phytoplankton and the benthic algae and are in turn consumed by the carnivores. Animals at deeper levels depend on organic matter from above. Upwelling recycles nutrients to the surface where they are used in photosynthesis.

29 Figure 14 p.385

30 Trophic Level = A link in a web of consumption.

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32 All flesh is grass. British biological oceanographer, Sir Alister Hardy

33 Measuring Primary Production

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36 The White & Dark Bottle Experiment: The carbon:oxygen ratio for photosynthesis, the volume of water in the bottles and the duration of the experiment are used to convert the calculated changes in dissolved oxygen to changes in gc/volume/time. Light nutrients and the stability of the water combine to provide conditions for the highest PP at a depth of approximately 30 meters. Bottle A Bottle B dark = measure of oxygen used in respiration Bottle C light Bottle A = measure of net oxygen produced by photosynthesis, or net PP Bottle C light Bottle B dark = measure of total oxygen produced or gross PP

37 Phytoplankton in the Black Sea

38 Phytoplankton in the South Atlantic

39 Figure 14.10

40 Phytoplankton biomass, nutrient supply and surface water stability respond to solar energy changes at the middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.

41 Lack of surface mixing at low latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere results in a depressed phytoplankton biomass. The pattern is related to solar radiation that produces a year round stable water column.

42 Picoplankton: less than mm, typically bacteria and extremly small phytoplankton Nannoplankton: mm, larger phytoplankton Microplankton or Net Plankton: mm include phytoplankton and zooplankton often collected in tow nets. Macroplankton: 0.2 2mm or larger, typically zooplankton and other animals

43 Sampling Plankton

44 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

45 Cyanobacteria; lyngbya

46 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON : All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

47 Fig. 16.1a

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50 Coccolith Bloom

51 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

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53 Nontoxic red tide of dinoflagellate Noctiluca in Puget Sound, The red tide extended ~10km and lasted ~1 week

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56 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

57 Fig. 16.9

58 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

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60 Fig There are ~86 species of Euphausiids, which are one of the more important zooplankton biomass because of their relatively large size and great abundance. They can occupy 1,000 s of square kilometers and weigh over 6 billion metric tons. Important food for whales, seals, fishes and birds.

61 Copepod Fun Facts: Copepod means oared foot Most numerous group of animals on earth; can be anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million/square meter of seawater Fastest animals on earth; can swim 500 body lengths per second which would be comparable to a cheetah running 2,000mph! A typical military fighter jet flies ~15 body lengths per second Huge capacity to graze phytoplankton; satellites can see missing patches of phytoplankton, similar to cows grazing on grasses but much faster.

62 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

63 Fig

64 Fig

65 GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION PHYTOPLANKTON: I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae) A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic 1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O 2 on the planet 2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella 1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (heterotrophs / protozoa) A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms 1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers 2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages 1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members: a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producers b. Euphausiids (Krill) MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums (i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)