Geology 12 Exam Review Package

Transcription

1 Geology 12 Exam Review Package Exam Date: Supplies: Monday June 10 th, 1:00pm to 4:00pm Pen, pencil, eraser, calculator (all graphing calculators will have their memories cleared at the start of the exam. It would be preferable if standard calculators were used.). Exam Format: -The final exam is cumulative and is worth 30% of your final mark. - Multiple choice: 55 marks -Each unit covered this year will be represented. Questions will include identification (from colour photographs), processes, definitions and characteristics. Use your quizzes and tests and old provincial exams (distributed in class) to review. -Short Answer: 45 marks -Questions will include explaining/describing, definitions, sketches/structures/processes, photograph identification, application. -Data booklet will include: a) Colour photographs (for various questions) b) Moh s Hardness Scale c) Properties of Common and Important Minerals d) Rock Identification Tables (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic) e) Bowen s Reaction Series f) Fossil and Geologic Time Scale g) Half Life Table h) Structural Geology Symbols Table of Specifications: Approximate weighting of curriculum organizers on final exam Topic Percentage of Final Exam Introduction to Geology 4 % Earth Materials 28 % Earth Resources 6 % Geologic Time 20 % Internal Processes and Plate Tectonics 27 % Surface Process and Hydrosphere 15 %

2 Study Guide : Unit Topic Reference Introduction to Geology describe methods of obtaining, displaying and analysing information about the Earth Text Chapter 1 basic Earth structure Lab 1 origin of the Universe and Solar System inner and outer planets general characteristics uniformitarianism Intro package Earth Materials General Earth s spheres (litho, hydro, atmo, cryo, bio) rock cycle Text Chapter 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Lab 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Minerals definition properties (colour, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, density) characteristics of: silicates, oxides, sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, phosphates, elements, halides Igneous Rocks describe the formation of igneous rocks factors affecting crystal size extrusive/volcanic vs. intrusive/plutonic texture and composition describe and classify: granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite, andesite, tuff, rhyolite, basalt, volcanic breccias, obsidian, pegmatite, pumice, porphyry volcanoes (describe and identify): shield, composite or strato, cinder cones, fissure eruptions, columnar jointing, volcanic domes, lava plateaus volcanic materials (describe and identify): lava, ash flow or nuée ardente, pillow lava, aa, pahoehoe igneous features (describe and identify): batholiths, sills, dikes, xenoliths, stocks, plutons Mineral, Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks packages

3 Earth Materials continued define/describe discordant, concordant, country rock, volcanic pipe, volcanic neck Bowen s Reaction Series Sedimentary Rocks describe the formation of sedimentary rocks (parent rock > weathering > erosion > transportation > deposition > lithification) physical weathering frost action, pressure release, thermal expansion and contraction, root wedging, effects of water, wind and ice chemical weathering solution, oxidation, hydrolysis compare and contrast clastic/detrital, biochemical and chemical sedimentary rocks classify and describe: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, chert, gypsum, rock salt, coal diagram and describe: stratification, crossbedding, ripple marks, mud cracks, graded bedding, varves relate particle size, shape, sorting and fossils to depositional environments Metamorphic Rocks describe formation of metamorphic rocks factors affecting metamorphism heat, pressure (lithostatic, differential), fluid activity relate types and characteristics to: parent rock, temperature, pressure and chemical conditions classify and describe: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, metaconglomerate, quartzite, marble foliated and non foliated rocks (describe and identify) contact and regional metamorphism effect on country rock in region metamorphic grade

4 Earth Resources origin and economic importance of Earth resources (be prepared to discuss your project topic) environmental effect of extraction of resources assess the risks and benefits of resource extraction (economic, environmental, political, geological) describe the origins of coal, petroleum and natural gas vocabulary: coal, conservation, evaporate, geochemical, geophysical, grade, hydrothermal, natural gas, oil, ore, permeability, petroleum, placer, porosity, reservoir Geologic Time Relative Age and the development of the Geologic Time Scale define: relative age, faunal succession, uniformitarianism, original horizontality, cross cutting, correlation, superposition identify and define unconformitities interpret the history of a sequence of rock units, given a diagram or photograph sequence major events in the Earth s history (formation of Earth, formation of oldest rocks, earliest recorded life, invertebrates dominated, first land plants, fishes dominated, formation of coal forests, reptiles dominated, amphibians dominated, mammals dominated, appearance of flowering plants, appearance of humans, Pleistocene glaciation, Rocky Mountain orogeny Presentations and class notes Lab 8 packages (see Dating of Rocks, Fossils and Geologic Events, fossil packages, geologic time scale, classifying organisms) Contrast Relative and Absolute age dating determine the age of a sample using radiometric data explain how half lives are used in dating evaluate sources of error in radiometric data determine approximate age range of rocks using absolute age use the Geological Time Scale to interpret the history of a sequence of rocks

5 Geologic Time continued Fossils define: fossils, trace fossils, natural selection, adaptive radiation, punctuated equilibrium identify how fossils form describe: preservation, carbonization, replacement, permineralization, mold formation, cast formation analyse what makes a good index fossil identify and classify: mollusca, brachiopoda, echinodermata, arthropoda, coelenterata, vertebrata, plants correlate sequences of rock with each other using fossil data identify probable historical environment based on fossils found Internal Processes and Plate Tectonic Theory Seismology define fault creep, elastic rebound, P waves, S waves, L waves distinguish between magnitude and intensity and the Mercalli and Richter scales use seismograms, P and S wave intervals to determine epicenter location assess seismic risks in an area based on location, topography, ground strength, rock types, proximity to faults and construction design evaluate methods of earthquake prediction Text Chapter 2, 5, 8, 9, 10 Lab 2, 10, 16 Unit Review package, epicenter exercise Earth s layers give or interpret evidence that the Earth is layered diagram and describe the Earth s layers Rock Formations describe factors affecting brittleness of rock distinguish between fault and joint diagram/identify normal, reverse and thrust fault, left lateral and right lateral

6 strike slip relate compression, tension and sheer to the faults above diagram domes, basins, anticlines, synclines, over turned folds, dip/strike symbols, unconformities and identify these features on a map Surface Processes and the Hydrosphere Plate Tectonic Theory outline evidence to support the theory explain/diagram and outline evidence for seafloor spreading (including paleomagnetism) describe/diagram convergent, divergent and transform plate boundaries and identify rock formations related to each describe the role of convection currents in the theory relate the rock cycle and volcanic activity to the theory describe/explain mountain building, volcanism and earthquakes Mass Wasting distinguish between weathering and erosion factors affecting mass wasting (slope angle, weathering and climate, water content, vegetation, overloading, geology and slope stability, triggering mechanisms) types of mass wasting (falls, slides, flows rock slide, mud flow, debris flow, earthflow, quick clays, solifluction, creep) describe/evaluate methods to minimize effects of mass wasting Text Chapter 11, 12, 13, 14 Lab 11, 12, 13 packages on Mass Wasting, Running Water, Groundwater and Glaciation Running Water define infiltration, channel precipitation, run off, discharge, perennial, ephemeral, flood plain, stream bed, gradient, velocity, headward erosion, lateral erosion identify and describe types of sediment load (solution, suspension, bed load) distinguish between stream, glacial and

7 wind deposits referencing particle shape, degree of sorting and type of deposit structures formed identify and describe factors affecting erosion and deposition (load, gradient, discharge, channel shape, sediment composition, human activities) Groundwater describe/define water table, zone of saturation, zone of aeration, perched water table, confined water table, aquifer, aquiclude, porosity, permeability, springs, wells, cone of depression, cone of ascension, Karst topography, disappearing streams, cave, cavern, stalactite, stalagmite, saltwater incursion, subsidence describe how human activities (urbanization, waste disposal, agriculture, conservation) can affect the quantity and quality of ground water factors affecting groundwater erosion Glaciation explain origin and movement of glaciers formation of glacial ice parts of a glacier (zone of accumulation, zone of ablation) types of glaciers define/describe glacial till, glacial retreat, plastic flow, basal flow, glacial surge describe erosional features (u shaped valley, hanging valley, cirque, horn arête, glacial striations) depositional features (glacial erratic, moraine ground, recessional, terminal, lateral, medial), drumlin, kame, kame terrace, esker *Students are expected to use their text, lab book, class notes, unit packages, review packages, quizzes, tests and old provincial exams (distributed in class) to review all material.