STUDY GUIDE FOR MID-TERM EXAM KEY. Color, luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, taste, smell, fluorescence, radioactivity, magnetism

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1 STUDY GUIDE FOR MID-TERM EXAM KEY 1. In which type of rock are fossils most likely to be found? Sedimentary Rocks 2. Which mineral is easily identified by smell? Sulfur 3. Which natural resource makes the largest contribution to Virginia s economy? Coal 4. A student visits the area around a volcano that has recently erupted. The student can expect to find what rock type? Extrusive Igneous 5. List the properties used to identify a mineral. Color, luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, taste, smell, fluorescence, radioactivity, magnetism 6. Approximately 99.7% of all water on Earth is found in oceans, seas, ice, and the atmosphere. What percentage leftover is drinkable? 0.3 %. 7. Cyanite (Al2SiO5), quartz (SiO2), and leucite (KAlSi2O6) may be grouped together because they all contain the silica ion. 8. Draw a topographic map of a hill with a crater at the top. 9. Which point on the hill is steepest? Explain why you chose the point you did. Point C because the contour lines are close together

2 10. What do all maps have? Distortion 11. What is the elevation of point I on the contour map? 1440 feet 12. The picture below represents soil development. List the correct order from beginning to end. II, IV, III, I

3 13. What is located beneath soil layers? bedrock 14. Organic matter is made from decayed plants and animals. 15. In karst regions, caves are carved by the flow of water through limestone bedrock. How do the stalagmites and stalactites in the caves develop? By dripping water 16. Sinkholes associated with natural processes are characteristic of what type of bedrock?_limestone 17. Porosity is the amount of pore space in soils. Permeability is the ability of water to pass through the soil. Why do some soils have high porosity but low permeability? The pore spaces are small and do not allow for water to pass through quickly 18. This picture shows a simple well that was dug down to the groundwater. What probably caused the lower level of groundwater, known as a cone of depression, in the vicinity of the well? As water is drawn from the well, it takes time for the groundwater to percolate through the soil and restore the level 19. The drawing below shows the water table in the vicinity of a newly drilled well. Draw the appearance of the water table several months later when the well has been in regular use.

4 20. According to the diagram below, the water supply will be most consistent in well Well During droughts, lack of rain can lead to wells drying up. This is because the drought has lowered the Water Table. 22. List the Fossil Fuels. Coal, oil, natural gas 23. Major mineral resources of Virginia include granite, limestone, and coal. 24. Virginia has large deposits of sand and gravel. These are usually found in areas where water once flowed. 25. Which energy source produces the least environmental effects? solar 26. What is reclamation? When land is put back to its original state before mining took place adding soil, grass, plants, trees 27. What is the greatest environmental cost of hydroelectric power? Destruction of free-running rivers and their ecosystems 28. Which mineral, when in the form of sand, can be used to manufacture glass? Quartz 29. What determines the size of grains in igneous rocks? Cooling Rate

5 30. What is the contour interval of this map? 20 feet Where is the steepest point? X What is the value for point X? 180 feet 31. Why are some extrusive igneous rocks, such as obsidian, glassy? Because they cool quickly 32. Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands are called _foliated. 33. Students want to identify a rock in a nearby field. Which property would be most useful in identifying the unknown rock? Mineral content 34. Rocks formed by the cementing of weathered materials are called _sedimentary_ rocks. 35. Draw and correctly label a rock cycle. A igneous rocks; B sediments; C Sedimentary rocks; D Metamorphic rocks

6 36. Slate is a fairly common rock that can be used for roofing shingles. What property makes it most suitable for this use? It can be split into thin flat layers 37. Which kind of rock is formed by the processes shown? sedimentary 38. The picture below shows that one of the main pollution problems associated with sinkholes is that they can connect directly to the water table. List Evidence to support Continental Drift: 1. Jigsaw Puzzle Fit 2. Fossils 3. Climate 4. Rock Sequences

7 Circle the letter where metamorphic rocks are most likely to be found. Letter C What does the picture below illustrate (show): Fault Where is the highest concentration of earthquakes (each little dot is an earthquake) occurring in the diagram below? Where the plates slide past each other List features associated with plate tectonics (i.e. different features): 1. Rift Valleys 2. Volcanoes 3. Earthquakes 4. Mid-Ocean Ridges

8 What caused X and Y to be folded? What type of force? Compression (collision of plates) Why do volcanoes and ridges form where the seafloor is spreading apart? Draw a picture to help with your explanation. Because magma pushes upward towards the surface What caused the folding and faulting found in the rocks of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia? Colliding plates Which layer in the picture below is an example of an intrusion? 3 Draw a picture of a landform that is created when two continents collide. You should draw Mountains without volcanoes

9 Why is more of the upper block s formation in the picture below missing? Because it s exposed at the surface Look at the picture below and tell where most of the earthquakes would occur. At plate boundaries Slippage along faults within Earth s crust creates earthquakes. The edges of moving crustal plates are often defined by _volcanoes and earthquakes. The mountain shown below is composed of deformed sedimentary layers. They are located near a tectonic plate boundary and are still increasing in elevation due to what? Plates colliding

10 What type of fault is the San Andreas Fault (located in California)? strike-slip fault Why is the topography of the Valley and Ridge Province rolling topography? Differential erosion What does Pangaea mean? supercontinent Even though the Earth s inner core is hotter than the liquid outer core, why is it solid? Because of all of the other layers putting pressure on it Which point on the diagram below is where an earthquake originates? Focus What is the fewest number of seismic graphic stations that must record the arrival time of P and S waves in order for the epicenter of an earthquake to be located? 3 How did identical rock types, identical fossils, and very similar mountain ranges end up being found on four different continents? Explain. The continents were joined together at one time Seismic waves generate from the earthquake at point R would arrive at locations W and X as follows: at X first

11 What data is trying to be explained by the diagram below? Why similar fossils are found on different continents Which rock type is being described in the following statement? Sample 4 is made up of layers of sand grains cemented together. Sedimentary The shale layers in the drawing below were broken and separated by movement along the fault. What also most likely occurred as these rock layers moved along the fault? _earthquake

12 Draw a diagram representing the Earth s Interior. Make sure to label all of the different parts. Scientists use volcanoes and earthquake activity to establish plate boundaries. The Marianas Trench is the deepest trench in the oceans. How did this trench form? Because one plate is subducting beneath another The Earth s mantle is made up of very hot material that rises to the top of the mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again, constantly repeating the cycle. This action, which causes the Earth s crust to move, is known as Convection. At which ocean feature in the drawing below would the greatest amount of water pressure be exerted? Trench What kind of fold is shown at point X in the drawing below? Anticline

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