Name Class Date. Study Guide for 7 th Grade Final Exam (Semester One)

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1 Name Class Date Study Guide for 7 th Grade Final Exam (Semester One) 1. What are the steps of the scientific method? Define the problem or question Form a hypothesis (MUST BE TESTABLE) o (identify variables) Plan the investigation and test Collect and organize data Interpret data and analyze information Draw conclusions 2. When designing an experiment, what could you do to increase the accuracy of your data? Do several trials! (one trial limits the data collected and cannot be considered adequate) 3. What is an independent variable? Dependent variable? Independent Variable- TEST VARIABLE the factor that is deliberately manipulated in an investigation. Written after IF in a hypothesis, states what the scientist will DO. Dependent Variable- OUTCOME VARIABLE is the factor that changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. Written after THEN in a hypothesis, states what the scientist predicts will be the result or what they predict will happen. 4. What must all graphs include? All data tables? Data Table (Place to record observations & measurements) Title Data (measurements and or observations) Units Variables Uniform lines Graph Plotted data and measurements Title Units Variables Uniform lines 5. What are the three compositional layers? The five physical layers? Put them in the proper order with 1 being the outermost layer. Compositional Layers 1 2 Crust Mantle Physical Layers 1 Lithosphere 2 Asthenosphere 3 Mesosphere 4 Outer Core 3 Core 5 Inner Core 6. Which compositional layer is the hot convecting layer? mantle 7. The lithosphere includes which two compositional layers? Crust and Mantle

2 8. What are the three types of mountains? Draw a sketch of them below! Folded Volcanic Fault-block 9. What mechanisms do scientists use to explain the movement of Earth s tectonic plates? (p278) Mantle convection Ridge push Slab pull 10. What causes an earthquake? Seismic waves occur and cause rock along an underground fault to move suddenly and release energy. 11. Using the diagram below, write a definition for epicenter and focus. Epicenter: area directly above an earthquake focus on earth s surface Focus: a place within earth along a fault at which the first motion of and earthquake occurs. 12. There are 3 types of faults. Match the type of stress to the correct fault. Strike Slip Fault Compression Normal Fault Shear Stress Reverse Fault Tension 13. Draw a diagram of each type of plate boundary in the table, and then describe what is happening. Plate boundary Diagram Description Convergent Plates PUSHING toward each other Divergent Plates PULLING away from each other Transform Plates SLIDING past each other.

3 14. At which boundary is new crust likely to form? Why? Divergent, because the plates are pulling away from each other opening a gap for new oceanic lithosphere to fill in the gaps. It cools and hardens and forms new crust until it splits and does it all over again. SEA-FLOOR SPREADING 15. Describe elastic rebound. The return of rock to its original shape after elastic deformation. 16. How do scientists use a fossil record? It is a partial history of life on Earth. 17. What is a fossil? What can you learn by studying fossils? Fossil: A trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago. Scientists can learn about Earth s changing environments and they can learn about past organisms. Using the following diagram of the geologic time scale, answer the following questions. 18. Using the words epoch, period, era, and eon, arrange them in order from largest to smallest time divisions. Eons (4 total) Eras (might span hundreds of millions of years) Periods (tens of millions of years Epochs (smallest unit) 19. What Era do you live in? What Era did dinosaurs live in? Cenozoic Mesozoic (dinosaurs) 20. How many years does the geologic time scale represent? 4600 million years 21. What is an alluvial fan? How is it different from a Delta? Alluvial Fan: When a stream flows onto a flat dry land surface from mountains or hills, a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms. Delta: streams often deposit its load in a fan shaped pattern. 22. What is formed by groundwater erosion? caves

4 23. What is the difference between stalactites and stalagmites? Stalactites are rock structures that hang from the ceiling/roof of a cave. Stalagmites are rock structures that stick up from the ground/floor of a cave and are directly under stalactites. 24. Describe glacial drift. the rock material carried away by glaciers 25. Explain how a sinkhole is formed. The roof a cave can collapse from underground water giving way into hole. 26. What are four key characteristics that determine if a fossil can be considered specifically as an index fossil? Found in rock over a large area Must have features that make it different from other fossils The organism from which the fossil formed must have lived for a short period of geologic time Must be a large number of fossils in the rock layer. 27. How are index fossils used? Index fossils are used to determine the age range of rock layers. 28. What is weathering? The process by which water, wind, ice and changes in the temperature break down rock. 29. What primary factors affect soil formation? Climate, weathering of rock, and decomposition of dead things mixed with living things 30. What soil horizon contains the most nutrients? Why? Humus: the layer that contains the most organic material. 31. What type of volcano has gently sloping sides and does not erupt explosively? shield 32. What are pyroclastic materials? Pyroclastic flows are the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption. Extremely hot gases and fragments of rock travel at speeds over 100 km per hour. 33. Do nonexplosive or explosive volcanoes release pyroclastic material? explosive 34. What kind of volcano does NOT release pyroclastic materials? SHIELD 35. What happens to the hanging wall in a normal fault? A reverse fault? Normal: hanging wall moves down Reverse fault: hanging wall moves up

5 36. An earthquake releases waves of energy called what? Seismology 37. How is magma different from lava? o Magma forms IN the earth. o Lava forms OUT of the volcano 38. Fill out the table concerning types of rocks. HAD TO MOVE THIS ONE DUE TO SPACE!!!! Types of rock: How the rock is formed Divided into what categories Description of the categories (complete on your own) Sedimentary Form when sediment from older rocks gets pressed and cemented together. 1. chemical 2. clastic 3. organic Metamorphic From deep within the earth from extreme heat and pressure 1. foliated 2. non-foliated Igneous Form from cooling magma or lava 1. intrusive 2. extrusive

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