Geology 12 Exam Review Package

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1 Geology 12 Exam Review Package Exam Date: Supplies: Thursday June 11 th, 1:00pm to 4:00pm Pen, pencil, eraser, calculator (all graphing calculators will have their memories cleared at the start of the exam. It would be preferable if standard calculators were used.). Exam Format: -The final exam is cumulative and is worth 30% of your final mark. - Multiple choice: 100 marks -Each unit covered this year will be represented. Questions will include identification (from colour photographs), processes, definitions and characteristics. Use your quizzes and tests and old provincial exams (distributed in class) to review. -Short Answer: 50 marks -Questions will include explaining/describing, definitions, sketches/structures/processes, photograph identification, application. -Data booklet will include: a) Colour photographs (for various questions) b) Moh s Hardness Scale c) Properties of Common and Important Minerals d) Rock Identification Tables (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic) e) Bowen s Reaction Series f) Fossil and Geologic Time Scale g) Half Life Table Table of Specifications: Approximate weighting of curriculum organizers on final exam Topic Percentage of Final Exam Introduction to Geology 5 % Earth Materials 30 % Earth Resources 5 % Geologic Time 20 % Internal Processes and Plate Tectonics 30 % Surface Process and Hydrosphere 10 % Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 1

2 Geology 12 : Introduction to Geology Purpose: To explain the significance of Geology as a discipline and explore the our basic understandings of Earth. Text: Chapter 1 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Explain the significance of geology as a discipline: a) Describe methods of obtaining, displaying and analyzing information about Earth. b) Be able to describe Earth s basic structure. c) Recognize the significance of uniformitarianism as a fundamental principle of geology. d) Relate Earth s geology to its formation. e) Describe the origin of the Universe and Solar System. f) Know the general characteristics of the Inner and Outer Planets. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 2

Purpose: To classify minerals and mineral groups according

Geology 12 : Minerals Unit Text: Chapter 2 Lab: Lab 3 -By

Outline the importance and abundance of various elements in

Differentiate between rocks and minerals. 3.

(Mohs hardness scale) e) Specific gravity (relative density)

Describe, identify, and classify the following minerals

g. hematite) c) Sulphides ( e.g. pyrite) d) Carbonates (e.g. calcite) e) Sulphates (e.

3 Purpose: To classify minerals and mineral groups according to their chemical composition. Geology 12 : Minerals Unit Text: Chapter 2 Lab: Lab 3 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Outline the importance and abundance of various elements in the Earth s crust. 2. Differentiate between rocks and minerals. 3. Demonstrate an ability to use the following properties in identifying minerals. a) Simple crystal shape b) Cleavage c) Fracture d) Hardness (Mohs hardness scale) e) Specific gravity (relative density) f) Colour g) Streak h) Lustre i) Special properties (e.g. magnetism, reaction to dilute HCL) 4. Describe, identify, and classify the following minerals usingg references or tests as appropriate. a) Silicates (e.g. quartz) b) Oxides (e.g. hematite) c) Sulphides ( e.g. pyrite) d) Carbonates (e.g. calcite) e) Sulphates (e.g. gypsum) f) ) Native elements (e.g. gold) g) Halides (e.g. halite) Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 3

Text: Chapter 3, 4 Lab: Lab 5 -By the end of

Relate texture to rate of the crystallization

minerals from magm (Bowen s Reaction Series).

features: Shield volcanoes Fissure eruptions

4 Purpose: To classify igneous rocks and features by their physical and chemical properties. Geology 12: Igneous Rockss and Processes Text: Chapter 3, 4 Lab: Lab 5 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Describe factors affecting crystal size: -cooling rate, flow behavior, viscosity (nucleation) 2. Relate texture to rate of the crystallization for intrusive (plutonic) and extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks: 3. Identify and classify igneous rocks according to: Texture Coarse Grained Fine Grained Vesicular Glassy Fragmental (Pyroclastic) Composition Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultra-Mafic 4. Describe the features of the following igneous rocks: Granite Tuff Pegmatitee Diorite Rhyolite Pumice Gabbro Basalt Porphyry Peridotite Volcanic breccia Andesite Obsidian 5. Explain the order of crystallization of minerals from magm (Bowen s Reaction Series). 6. Distinguish among these volcanicc features: Shield volcanoes Fissure eruptions Lava plateaus Composite or strato volcanoes Columnar jointing Cinder cones Volcanic domes 8. Distinguish among the following volcanic features by composition, flow behaviour and their resulting rock or feature: Lava Aa Ash flows or nuee ardente Pahoehoe Pillow lava Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 4

5 9. Identify and describe: Batholiths Sills Dikes Xenoliths Stocks Pluton Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 5

Geology 12: Sedimentary Rocks and Processes

features by their physical and chemical properties.

unit, students are expected to be able to: 1.

(precipitate or biochemical) sediments and the

Describe the features of, and identify, the

Limestone Breccia Chert Sandstone Gypsum Siltstone

Diagram and describe the following sedimentary

sedimentary environments: a) Sedimentary

6 Geology 12: Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Purpose: To classify sedimentary rocks and features by their physical and chemical properties. Text: Chapter 5, 6 Lab: Lab 6 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Outline the origin and process of sedimentary rock formation. 2. Contrast clastic sediments with chemical (precipitate or biochemical) sediments and the rocks they become. 3. Describe the features of, and identify, the following sedimentary rocks: Conglomerate Limestone Breccia Chert Sandstone Gypsum Siltstone Rock Salt Shale Coal 4. Diagram and describe the following sedimentary features and use them to reconstructt hypothetical sedimentary environments: a) Sedimentary structures: Stratification, crossbedding, ripple marks, mud cracks, graded bedding, varves. b) Particle size, shape and sorting. c) Fossils and organic structures Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 6

Geology 12: Metamorphic Rocks and Processes

features by theirr physical and chemical

Text: Chapter 7 Lab: Lab 7 -By the end of this

Pressure b) Temperature d) Chemical Conditions

following sedimentary rocks: Slate Phyllite

4. Contrast the two types of metamorphism: a)

Describe changes that occur in country rock and

7 Geology 12: Metamorphic Rocks and Processes Purpose: To classify metamorphic rocks and features by theirr physical and chemical properties. Text: Chapter 7 Lab: Lab 7 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Relate the types and characteristics of metamorphic rocks to: a) Parent Rock c) Pressure b) Temperature d) Chemical Conditions 2. Describe the features of, and identify, the following sedimentary rocks: Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss Metaconglomerate Quartzite Marble 3. Contrast the two major categories of metamorphic rocks: a) Foliated b) Non-foliated 4. Contrast the two types of metamorphism: a) Contact b) Regional 5. Describe changes that occur in country rock and in the intrusion at a contact region. 6. Relate metamorphic rock type to the concept of metamorphic grade. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 7

Geology 12: Geologic Time Unit Purpose: To classify metamorphic rocks and features by theirr physical and chemical properties.

Relate relative age dating to the development of the Geological Time Scale: a) Define relative age b) Determine the relative ages of different formations

Determine the geological history of Earth using relative dating techniques 2.

materials. c) Evaluate the sourcess of error in estimating a radiometric age.

Relate the fossil record to the Geological Time Scale (Manyy of the following points were covered in the Sedimentary Rock Unit): a) Define fossil and

8 Geology 12: Geologic Time Unit Purpose: To classify metamorphic rocks and features by theirr physical and chemical properties. Text: 8 Lab: Lab 8 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Relate relative age dating to the development of the Geological Time Scale: a) Define relative age b) Determine the relative ages of different formations using available resources c) Give examples of unconformities and interprett their significance d) The sequence of major events in Earth s history e) Determine the geological history of Earth using relative dating techniques 2. Contrast relative and absolute dating: a) Define absolute dating b) Explain how half-lives of radioactive elements are used in estimating the ages of materials. c) Evaluate the sourcess of error in estimating a radiometric age. d) Use the Geological Time Scale to help interpret the history y of a sequence of rocks. 3. Relate the fossil record to the Geological Time Scale (Manyy of the following points were covered in the Sedimentary Rock Unit): a) Define fossil and identify conditions necessary for their formation. b) Describe the processs of original preservation. c) Differntiate between fossils and trace fossils d) Analyze the characteristics of a fossil that would make it ann index fossil. e) Relate principles of evolution to the interpretation of the fossil record. f) Describe the probable environment suggested by a fossil assemblage. g) Correlate sequencess of rock using index fossils or rock data. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 8

9 Geology 12 : Geological Resources Purpose: To understand the origin and significance of Earth resources. Text: Chapter 1 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Trace the origins of geological resources (Be prepared to discuss your project topic). 2. Assess the risks and benefits of resource extraction (Economic, environmental, political and geological). 3. Describe the origins of mineral deposits, coal, petroleum and natural gas. 4. Know the following vocabulary: Coal, conservation, evaporate, geochemical, geophysical, grade, hydrothermal, natural gas, oil, ore, permeability, petroleum, placer, porosity, reservoir. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 9

Geology 12: Plate Tectonics Unit Purpose: To explain the development and significance of plate tectonics, recognizee and interprett geological structures

Analyse and evaluate applications of seismology. a) Describe fault creep and elastic rebound as they relate to seismic activity.

d) Compare and contrast the Richter and Mercalli scales. e) Use seismograms to determine the distance and location of an earthquake.

design. g) Evaluate methods of earthquake prediction. 2. Demonstrate knowledge of Earth s layers.

Relate rock formations and structures to the forces that create them a) Distinguish between faults and joints.

c) Relate compressional, tensional and shear forces to the various types of faults and folds.

10 Geology 12: Plate Tectonics Unit Purpose: To explain the development and significance of plate tectonics, recognizee and interprett geological structures and identify applications of seismology. Text: 1, 10, 12 Lab: Lab 2, 16 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Analyse and evaluate applications of seismology. a) Describe fault creep and elastic rebound as they relate to seismic activity. b) Describe the generation and propagation of body waves andd surface waves. c) Distinguish between magnitude and intensity. d) Compare and contrast the Richter and Mercalli scales. e) Use seismograms to determine the distance and location of an earthquake. f) Assess the seismic risks for a particular area using: Geographic location,, topography, ground strength, rock types, proximity to faults, construction design. g) Evaluate methods of earthquake prediction. 2. Demonstrate knowledge of Earth s layers. a) Give evidence to support the conclusion that Earth is layered. b) Describe the characteristics of the various layers of Earth. 3. Relate rock formations and structures to the forces that create them a) Distinguish between faults and joints. b) Distinguish between dip-slip, strike-slip and transform faults from maps, cross sections or photographs. c) Relate compressional, tensional and shear forces to the various types of faults and folds. d) Interpret the dip and strike of an outcrop to determine subsurface structures. e) Diagram domes, basins, anticlines, synclines, over-turned folds and unconformities and identify these structures in maps, cross-sections or photographs. 4. Analyse structures, processes and evidence that support plate tectonic theory. a) Outline evidence for continental drift theory. b) Explain seafloor spreading and outline evidence to support it. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 10

11 c) Relate plate motion to mantle convection and slab pull. d) Describe the origin of magma formed during plate tectonic processes. e) Relate volcanic activities and features to plate tectonic theory. f) Describe the geological activities that occur at lithospheric plate boundaries (earthquakes). Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 11

12 Geology 12: Structural Geology Purpose: To recognize and interpret geological structures. Text: 9 Lab: Lab 10 -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Distinguish between dip-slip (normal, reverse, thrust), strike-slip (left lateral, right lateral) and transform faults from maps, cross-sections, or photographs. 2. Relate compression, tensional and shear forces to the various types of faults and folds. 3. Interpret the dip and strike of an outcrop to determine subsurface strcutures. 4. Diagram domes, basins, anticlines, synclines, over-turned folds, and unconformities, and identify these structures in maps, cross-sections, or photographs. 5. Show the inter-relationships among a geologic map, a cross section, a block diagram, and the subsurface structure and geologic history of an area (e.g. construct a geological map using appropriate data). Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 12

Geology 12: Surface Processes and the Hydrosphere Purpose: Analyse

and the hydrosphere. Text: Chapters 14, 15, 16, 17 Lab: Labs 11, 12 and 13.

Analyze features and processes associated with weathering and erosion.

b) Describe the processes and effects of physical weathering and chemical

c) Relatee Bowen s reaction seriess to a mineral s susceptibility to

with those on other terrestrial bodies. 2.

a stream. b) Relatee stream velocity to sediment sorting.

to particle size, shape, degree of sorting and nature of sedimentary

d) Relatee factors such as load, gradient, discharge, channel shape,

streams. 3. Evaluate the importance of ground water.

13 Geology 12: Surface Processes and the Hydrosphere Purpose: Analyse features and processes associated withh weathering, mass wasting, erosion and the hydrosphere. Text: Chapters 14, 15, 16, 17 Lab: Labs 11, 12 and 13. -By the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to: 1. Analyze features and processes associated with weathering and erosion. a) Distinguish between weathering and erosion. b) Describe the processes and effects of physical weathering and chemical weathering. c) Relatee Bowen s reaction seriess to a mineral s susceptibility to chemical weathering. d) Identify types and causes of mass wasting e) Evaluate methods to control mass wasting. f) Compare features and processes associated with weathering and erosion with those on other terrestrial bodies. 2. Analyze features and processes associated with stream erosion and deposition. a) Identify the three types of stream load and describe how each moves in a stream. b) Relatee stream velocity to sediment sorting. c) Distinguish between stream, glacial and wind depositss with reference to particle size, shape, degree of sorting and nature of sedimentary structures. d) Relatee factors such as load, gradient, discharge, channel shape, sediment composition and human activities to erosion and deposition by streams. 3. Evaluate the importance of ground water. a) Describe features associated with subsurface water. b) Describe how the abundance, availability and movement of water can be affected by porosity and permeability of ground materials. c) Relatee the position of the water table to the topographic profile. d) Describe how the following human activities affect the quality and quantity of ground after: urbanization, waste disposal, agriculture, conservation. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 13

14 4. Explain the processes and features associated with glaciation. a) Identify a variety of erosional features. b) Identify a variety of deposition features. c) Explain the formation of alpine and continental glacial features. d) Reconstruct past glacial positions using erosional and depositional features. Geology 12: Final Exam Review Package Page 14

Geology 12 Past Provincial Exam Workbook Includes Answer Key and Data Booklets

1 Geology 12 Past Provincial Exam Workbook Includes Answer Key and Data Booklets June 1999 Exam June 2000 Exam January 2001 Exam June 2001Exam June 2002 Exam June 2003 Exam June 2004 Exam August 2005 Exam