CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
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1 CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification Thomas Doe
2 Translation of Mineral Properties to Rock Properties Comparison of mineral properties to rock properties Rocks have lower strength, especially tensile strength Anisotropy of minerals and heterogeneity of minerals Elasticity Thermal expansion Diversity of mineral orientation Creation of microcracks on mineral boundaries
3 Minerals Summing Up Most earth materials are minerals, that is, they are crystalline Mineral structures can lead to anisotropic properties Silicates are the dominant rock-forming minerals Sheet silicates are important for engineering micas and clays Mineral heterogeneity and anisotropy leads to microcrack formation which greatly influences rock properties
4
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6 Sedimentary Rocks Clastics, Siliciclastics, and Evaporites Clastic rocks, depositional medium, and energy Diagenesis chemical changes after deposition
7 Sedimentary Rocks and Rock Properties Properties for a given geologic description vary wildly based on cementation, porosity and other diagenetic factors. Properties can be strongly anisotropic and heterogeneous based on bedding
8 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Clastic broken like iconoclast) Often referred to as Siliciclastics as having Si based rock forming minerals Based on grain size and to a lesser extent composition Grain size related to energy of depositional environment Relationship of medium velocity to maximum grain size)
9 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Clay, muds shales, mudstones, claystones (difference based on fissility) Silts siltstones Sands sandstones Gravels Conglomerates (Breccia if angular, breccia may also be a term for tectonically fragmented rock)
10 Weathering Cycle
11 Clastic Sediments
12 Lithification Cementation deposition of a material different from clasts Crystallization crystal growth on clasts to fill pore space Compaction Diagenesis Early post-depositional chemical transformation of sediments, e.g. calcite to dolomite
13 Carbonates Generally like siliciclastics carbonate muds, sands, etc. Often deposited in reefs Major portion of world oil deposits Properties depend strongly on post-depositional pore chemistry Cementation Dissolution Karst topography, cave formation
14 Carbonate Environments
15 Evaporites Rock salt (NaCl), Gypsum-Anhydrite (CaSO 4 ), Sylvite (KCl) Deposition in regions where evaporation exceeds recharge desert lakes restricted seas (Mediterranean) lagoons, back-reef areas Subject to flow and diapirism
16 Other Sedimentary Rocks Chert: finely crystalline silica as replacement/diagenetic nodules as bedded material from silica-shelled biota Coal Derived from vegetation Banded Iron Formation Likely bacteria derived, mainly Pre-Cambrian
17 Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic tuff tephra pyroclastic flows
18 Geologic Settings for Igneous Rocks Oceanic Hi Fe, Mg, Ca, low Si basalt, gabbro Continental Hi Si, Na, K granite, rhyolite, andesite
19 Differentiation of Crustal Composition Weathering differentiating towards higher Silica Carbonate concentrated by organic processes Preferential melting of high-silica materials Concentration of C, Ca, Na, K in sea and air Original basaltic composition of crust
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21 Identifying Igneous Rocks Chemistry Acidic: Basic (more Si, less Si) Texture Aphanitic: crystals not visible Phaneritic: made of visible crystal components Porphyritic: Larger crustals in aphanitic or phaneritic ground mass
22 Bowen s Reaction Series
23 Igneous Rock Classification Acidic, Felsic Basic, Mafic Ultramafic SERPENTINITE
24 Extrusives Viscosity varies with Si and water content Basalt low viscosity Rhyolite high viscosity Rhyolite flows relatively unusual as rhyolite does not flow well Explosive Tuffs, pyroclastics
25 Volcano Types Basaltic: low viscosity Hawaii, Columbia Plateau Andesitic/Rhyolitic
26 Structures of Basalt Flows Lava Tubes Flow Stratigraphy collonade entablature flow top breccia/scoria
27 Hawaii Basalt Flows
28 Basalt Flow Structures
29 Eruptions of Acid-Rock Volcanoes
30 Rhyolite Dome
31 Mt. St. Helen s Blast Zone
32 Mt. Mazama Ash Distribution
33 Basic Metamorphic Types Quartz Sandstone Quartzite Limestone, Dolomite Marble Shale Slate cleavage, no visible xl s Phyllite foliation, mica sheen but xl s not visible Schist clear foliation, visible mica Gneiss like granite but with foliation/gneissosity Basalt greenschist, amphibolite
34 Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks Sandstone > Quartzite Limestone > Marble Dolomite > Dolomitic Marble
35 Foliated Metamorphic Rocks Shale/Mudstone Slate Phyllite (Greek for leaves e.g. phyllo dough) Schist Gneiss
36 Origin of Foliation (gneissosity, schistosity)
37 Engineering Properties Anisotropy of strength and elastic properties Preferred failure on foliation
38 Slate
39 Phyllite
40 Schist
41 Gneiss
42 Banded Gneiss
43 Metamorphic Grade
44 Subduction-Zone Metamorphism
45 Metamorphism at Continental Collisions
46 Contact Metamorphism
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