Wk. 8 Minerals and Rocks: Formation, identification and classification
|
|
- Cleopatra Adams
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Wk. 8 Minerals and Rocks: Formation, identification and classification
2 Earth Materials Minerals Gemstones and other minerals, such as gold, have fascinated people for thousands of years and have been supposed to have mystical or curative powers. Minerals have many essential uses in industrial societies. Minerals are the basic units that make up most of Earth s materials.
3 What are rocks? are solid aggregates of minerals. Rocks find many uses... rocks crushed for aggregate in cement and for roadbeds. sawed and polished rocks for tombstones, monuments, mantle pieces and counter tops Even the soils we depend on for most of our food formed by alteration of rocks
4 What are Minerals? ESC naturally occurring. crystalline solid. crystalline means that minerals have an ordered internal arrangement of their atoms. minerals have a narrowly defined chemical composition. and characteristic physical properties such as density hardness color...
5
6 Matter and its Composition Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. exists as solids, liquids, and gases. consist of atoms. Element is a chemical substance. cannot be chemically decomposed into simpler substances. is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
7 What are Atoms? Atoms are the smallest units of matter retain the characteristics of the element Atoms have a compact nucleus containing protons particles with a positive electrical charge neutrons electrically neutral particles particles orbiting the nucleus electrons negatively charged particles
8 Structure of an Atom The dense nucleus of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons is surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons.
9 Structure of an Atom: Example Sodium (Na) Na Nucleus: 11 protons + 12 neutrons. Cloud: 11 electrons
10 Atoms: Atomic number & Atomic mass number Atomic number: = the number of protons Atomic mass number: = number of protons + number of neutrons The number of neutrons in an atom may vary...
11 Isotopes The different forms of an element s atoms with varying numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Different isotopes of the same element have different atomic mass numbers behave the same chemically Isotopes are important in radiometric dating.
12 Example: Carbon Isotopes
13 Electrons and Shells ESC Electrons orbit the nucleus in one or more shells. The outermost shell participates in chemical bonding contains up to 8 electrons. Noble gas configuration of 8 electrons or 2 for Helium. completes the outermost shell. Other atoms attain a noble gas configuration in the process of bonding.
14 Bonding and Compounds Bonding: ESC the process whereby atoms join to other atoms. Compound: a substance resulting from the bonding of two or more elements. Example: Oxygen (O 2 ) is an element. Ice is a compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen (H 2 O). Most minerals are compounds.
15 Ionic Bonding Ion atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons negative or positive charge. One way for atoms to attain the noble gas configuration is by transferring electrons producing ions Ionic bonding attraction between two ions of opposite charge.
16 Covalent Bonding Another way for atoms to attain the noble gas configuration is by sharing electrons: Covalent bonding results from sharing electrons shared electrons
17 Minerals The Building Blocks of Rocks A mineral s composition is shown by a chemical formula a shorthand way of indicating how many atoms of different kinds it contains. Quartz consists of 1 silicon atom for every 2 oxygen atoms Orthoclase consists of 1 potassium, 1 aluminum, and 3 silicon for every 8 oxygen atoms Quartz: SiO 2 Ratio: 1: 2 KAlSi 3 O 8 1: 1: 3: 8
18 Native Elements ESC A few minerals consist of only one element. They are not compounds. They are known as native elements. Examples: gold formula: Au diamond formula: C
19 Crystalline Solids ESC By definition, minerals are crystalline solids with atoms arranged in a specific 3D framework. If given enough room to grow freely, minerals form perfect crystals with planar surfaces, called crystal faces sharp corners straight edges.
20 Narrowly Defined Chemical Composition Some minerals have very specific compositions examples are halite (NaCl) or quartz (SiO 2 ). but others have a range of compositions because one element can substitute for another if the atoms of the two elements have the same electrical charge and are about the same size Example: olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 iron and magnesium substitution in any proportion
21 Mineral Properties ESC Mineral properties are controlled by: Chemical composition Crystalline structure Mineral properties are particularly useful for mineral identification and include: color streak luster crystal form cleavage fracture hardness specific gravity
22 How Many Minerals Are There? More than 3500 minerals are known. Only about 2 dozen are particularly common. Many others are important resources. Mineral groups: minerals with the same negatively charged ion or ion group belong to the same mineral group. Most minerals in the crust belong to the group called silicates.
23 Silicates Silicates are minerals containing silica Si and O They make up perhaps 95% of Earth s crust and account for about 1/3 of all known minerals. The basic building block of silicates is the silica tetrahedron which consists of one silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms
24 Types of Silicates Silica tetrahedra can be isolated units bonded to other elements arranged in chains (single or double) arranged in sheets arranged in complex 3D networks
25 Types of Silicates Ferromagnesian silicates contain iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), or both. Nonferromagnesian silicates do not contain iron or magnesium
26 Ferromagnesian Silicates ESC augite, a pyroxene. olivine biotite mica Hornblende, an amphibole.
27 Nonferromagnesian Silicates Quartz Plagioclase feldspar Potassium feldspar Muscovite
28 Other Mineral Groups Carbonates minerals with carbonate ion (CO 3 ) -2 calcite (CaCO 3 ), found in limestone dolomite [CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ], found in dolostone Other mineral groups are important, but more as resources than as constituents of rocks.
29 Rock-Forming Minerals Most rocks are solid aggregates of one or more minerals. Thousands of minerals occur in rocks, but only a few are common and called rock-forming minerals. Most rock-forming minerals are silicates, but carbonates are also important. Accessory minerals are present in small amounts and are ignored in classifying rocks.
30 The Rock Cycle The rock cycle is a pictorial representation of events leading to the origin, destruction, change and reformation of rocks Rocks belong to 3 major families igneous sedimentary metamorphic The rock cycle shows how these rock families are interrelated and can be derived from one another.
31 Rock Cycle ESC Pyroclastic material Lava
32 Igneous Rocks All igneous rocks cool and crystallize from magma, solidify from lava, or consolidate from pyroclastic materials. Magma is molten material, below the surface. Lava is molten material on the surface Pyroclastic materials are particles such as volcanic ash
33 Igneous Part of the Rock Cycle Pyroclastic material Lava
34 Categories of Igneous Rocks: Extrusive or volcanic rocks formed at the surface from lava or pyroclastic materials Intrusive or plutonic rocks formed from magma injected into the crust or formed in place in the crust Plutons are intrusive bodies consisting of plutonic rock
35 Plutons
36 Igneous Rock Textures: Texture is the size, shape and arrangement of crystals, grains and other constituents of a rock. Igneous rocks have 4 different textures relate to cooling rate of magma or lava.
37 4 Cooling-Rate Textures: phaneritic, with visible grains cooled slowly aphanitic, with grains too small to see without magnification cooled quickly porphyritic, with larger grains surrounded by a finer-grained groundmass cooled slowly first, then more quickly glassy, with no grains cooled too quickly for minerals to grow
38 Igneous Rock Textures: Other textures reveal further details of the formation of the rock: Vesicular texture, with holes (vesicles), indicates the rock formed as water vapor and other gases became trapped during cooling of lava. Pyroclastic or fragmental texture, containing fragments, formed by consolidation of volcanic ash or other pyroclastic material.
39 Igneous Rock Textures: Rapid cooling Slow cooling 2-stage cooling Aphanitic texture Phaneritic texture Porphyritic texture
40 Igneous Rock Textures: Glassy texture Vesicular texture Pyroclastic texture cooling was too rapid for mineral growth gasses trapped in cooling lava particles fragmented during eruption
41 Classifying Igneous Rocks: Texture and composition are the criteria used to classify most igneous rocks. Composition categories are based on silica content: felsic (>65% silica) intermediate (53-65% silica) mafic (45-52% silica) More felsic magmas have higher Na, K, Al. More mafic magmas have higher Ca, Fe, Mg.
42
43 Common Igneous Rocks: Basalt Gabbro Andesite Diorite
44 Common Igneous Rocks: Granite Rhyolite
45 Texture ESC Classifying Igneous Rocks with Special Textures: Composition Vesicular Felsic Pumice Mafic Glassy Pyroclastic or Fragmental Obsidian Volcanic breccia Tuff/welded tuff
46 Igneous Rocks with Special Textures: Tuff has pyroclastic texture. Pumice is glassy and extremely vesicular.
47 Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks form by the lithification of sediment In the rock cycle, sediment originates when: mechanical and chemical weathering breaks rocks down into smaller particles and into solution Transport removes sediment from its source area and carries it elsewhere Running water, glaciers, wind and waves transport sediment Deposition involves settling of particles, and chemical and biological extraction of minerals from solution
48 Sedimentary Part of the Rock Cycle
49 Lithification: ESC Lithification means turning loose sediment into rock Lithification occurs by burial when additional sediment accumulates on top compaction reduction of the amount of pore space between particles because of the weight of overlying sediment cementation precipitation of minerals within pores that effectively binds sediment together calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) cement is common silica (SiO 2 ) cement is common iron oxide (Fe2O 3 ) cement is less common
50 Categories of Sedimentary Rocks: Detrital sedimentary rocks consist of solid particles derived from preexisting rocks (detritus) Chemical sedimentary rocks consist of minerals derived from materials in solution and extracted by either inorganic chemical processes or by the activities of organisms subcategory biochemical sedimentary rocks, for which the activities of organisms are important.
51 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks: are composed of fragments or particles known as clasts = Clastic texture These rocks are defined primarily by the size of clasts conglomerate composed of gravel (>2mm) rounded clasts sedimentary breccia also composed of gravel (>2mm) but clasts are angular sandstone composed of sand
52 Mudrocks consist of particles < 1/16 mm siltstone composed of silt-sized particles - 1/16-1/256 mm, feel slightly gritty, but not visible without magnification mudstone composed of a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles claystone composed of clay-sized particles <1/256 mm, feel smooth even to the teeth shale mudstone or claystone that breaks along closely spaced parallel planes (fissile)
53 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Recall that these rocks result when inorganic chemical processes or organisms extract minerals from solution This can result in different textures Crystalline texture has an interlocking mosaic of mineral crystals results from chemical precipitation Clastic texture has an accumulation of broken pieces of shells
54 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Limestone carbonate rock made of calcite precipitated chemically or by organisms Dolostone carbonate rock made of dolomite usually formed from limestone Evaporites formed by inorganic chemical precipitation during evaporation Rock salt evaporite made of halite Rock gypsum evaporite made of gypsum Chert compact, hard, fine grained silica, formed by chemical or biological precipitation (some consisting of microscopic shells of silica-secreting organisms) Coal made of partially altered, compressed remains of land plants accumulated in swamps
55 Common Sedimentary Rocks: Conglomerate Sedimentary breccia Quartz sandstone Shale
56 Common Sedimentary Rocks: Fossiliferous limestone Rock gypsum Chert Rock salt Coal
57 Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic rocks result from transformation of other rocks in the solid state, without melting Changes resulting from metamorphism: compositional: new minerals form textural: minerals become reoriented minerals recrystallize or both.
58 Metamorphic Part of the Rock Cycle
59 Agents of Metamorphism: Heat provides new conditions where different minerals may be stable and increases the rate of chemical reactions Pressure Lithostatic pressure provides new conditions where different minerals may be stable and forms smaller denser minerals Differential pressure exerts force more intensely from one direction causing deformation and development of foliation. Fluid activity enhances metamorphism by increasing the rate of chemical reactions by transporting ions in solution
60 Types of Metamorphism: ESC Contact metamorphism heat chemical fluids from an igneous body alter rocks adjacent to the magma Regional metamorphism large, elongated area tremendous pressure elevated temperatures fluid activity occurs at convergent and divergent plate boundaries
61 Metamorphic Textures: Foliated texture platy and elongate minerals aligned parallel to one another caused by differential pressure Nonfoliated texture mosaic of roughly equidimensional minerals or platy and elongate minerals arranged in a helter-skelter fashion with random orientations
62 Formation of Foliation: When rocks are subjected to differential pressure minerals typically rearrange or grow parallel to each other
63 Formation of Foliation: ESC Microscopic view of a metamorphic rock with foliation showing the parallel arrangement of minerals
64 Foliated Metamorphic Rocks: Slate very fine-grained, breaks in flat pieces Phyllite fine-grained (coarser than slate but grains are still too small to see without magnification) breaks in flat pieces Schist clearly visible platy and/or elongate minerals Gneiss alternating dark and light bands of minerals
65 Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks: Marble made of calcite or dolomite from limestone or dolostone Quartzite made of quartz from quartz sandstone Greenstone made of green mafic igneous rock Hornfels results from contact metamorphism Anthracite made of black lustrous carbon from coal
66 Common Metamorphic Rocks: Slate Schist Gneiss Marble Quartzite
67 Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle: The atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere act on earth materials and cause weathering erosion and deposition Earth s internal heat aids melting and metamorphism Plate tectonics recycles Earth materials heat and pressure at convergent plate boundaries lead to metamorphism and igneous activity resulting deformation makes mountains that in turn weather and erode to form sediment
68 End of Lecture
2. An electron is the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristics of an element. a. True
/ False 1. Minerals are made of rocks. False Introduction 2. An electron is the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristics of an element. False 3. A proton is a positively charged particle
More informationMinerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?
Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth
More informationRocks. Rocks are composed of 1 or more minerals. Rocks are classified based on how they formed (origin). 3 classes of rocks:
ROCKS Rocks If a mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composi:on and a crystalline structure then what is a rock? Rocks Rocks are composed
More informationCOMPOSITIONAL TERMS: FELSIC : light colored INTERMEDIATE : medium shades MAFIC : dark colored ULTRAMAFIC : rare (composition of the mantle)
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS SECTION: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require: a streak plate, glass plate, magnet, dilute hydrochloric (HCl) acid,
More informationChapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 10 Rocks 1 Chapter 10 Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 2 10.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Magma is the parent material for all rocks. Once the magma cools and hardens, many changes can occur. Geology:
More informationRocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way.
Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way. All rocks fit into one of three categories: Igneous- formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock Sedimentary- formed
More informationUNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: MINERALS TOPIC 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS TOPIC 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TOPIC 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS TOPIC 5: THE ROCK CYCLE
UNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: MINERALS TOPIC 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS TOPIC 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TOPIC 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS TOPIC 5: THE ROCK CYCLE TOPIC 1: MINERALS ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE MINERALS AND HOW DO WE
More informationTHE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS. Subtitle
THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS Subtitle 3. Three rocks that do not have minerals or are composed of nonmineral matter. Coal Pumuce Obsidian THE ROCK CYCLE Why do scientists study rocks? Rocks contain clues about
More informationI m good. Thank you.
I m good. Thank you. The Rock Cycle Ag Earth Science Chapter 3.1 A natural occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition. mineral A consolidated mixture of minerals rock
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationReview - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals
Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
More informationEvolution of the Earth
Evolution of the Earth http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/f/fe/geologic_clock.jpg Evolution of the Earth Solar system, 4.6 byr Collapse of a nebula Star forms as gravity concentrates material at center
More informationVersion 1 Page 1 Barnard/George/Ward
The Great Mineral & Rock Test 1. Base your answer to the following question on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A,
More informationRR#7 - Multiple Choice
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? 1) hematite 2) fluorite 3) galena 4) talc 2. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? 1) limestone 2) dolostone
More informationPage 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?
Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 1663-1 - Page 1 5) The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 2) Which processes most likely
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2017-2016 Chapter (3) Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
More informationUnit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.
More informationName Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationRocks. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. The Rock Cycle. I. Rocks
Rocks Tarbuck Lutgens 3.1 The Rock Cycle 3.1 The Rock Cycle I. Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks 1. Igneous rock
More informationLab 3 - Identification of Igneous Rocks
Lab 3 - Identification of Igneous Rocks Page - 1 Introduction A rock is a substance made up of one or more different minerals. Thus an essential part of rock identification is the ability to correctly
More informationA rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock
More informationA. IGNEOUS Rocks formed by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock called magma (within crust or at its surface).
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 5 NOTES KEY How Earth's Rocks Were Formed Early geologists believed that the physical features of the Earth were formed by sudden spectacular events called CATASTROPHES. Modern
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 3 Rocks 3.1 The Rock Cycle Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks
More informationWhich rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite
1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure
More informationRocks and Minerals. Tillery, Chapter 19. Solid Earth Materials
Rocks and Minerals Tillery, Chapter 19 Science 330 Summer 2007 No other planet in the solar system has the unique combination of fluids of Earth. Earth has a surface that is mostly covered with liquid
More informationWhich sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
1 Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of (1) white quartz (3) pink feldspar (2) aluminum (4) iron 2 The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE. Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle
TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle Core Concepts Rocks in the Earth s crust vary in their form and structure based on process that made them. The constant changing of the form
More informationLab 4 - Identification of Igneous Rocks
Lab 4 - Identification of Igneous Rocks Page - Introduction A rock is a substance made up of one or more different minerals. Thus an essential part of rock identification is the ability to correctly recognize
More informationChapter: Earth Materials
Table of Contents Chapter: Earth Materials Section 1: Minerals Section 2: Igneous Rocks Section 3: Sedimentary Rocks Section 4: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1 Minerals Common Elements Composition
More informationLiz LaRosa Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted
Liz LaRosa http://www.middleschoolscience.com 2010 Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified
More informationEngineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky
Igneous rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 The Geology Definition of Rocks In Geology Rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of
More informationAs compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
More informationRock Identification. invisible rhyolite andesite basalt komatiite. visible granite diorite gabbro peridotite
Rock Identification The samples in this lab are arranged into four groups: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and unknown. Study the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic collections to get an idea of
More informationEarth Science Chapter 6 Rocks
Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks I. Rocks and the Rock Cycle * Material that makes up the solid part of the Earth. * Made of a variety of different combinations of minerals and organic matter. A. Three Major
More informationSolid Earth materials:
Solid Earth materials: Elements minerals rocks Nonuniform distribution of matter Molten core Contains most heavy elements Iron, nickel Thin surface crust Mostly lighter elements 8 elements make up 98.6%
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 6.1 g/cm 3 C) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3 2) In which two Earth
More information9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
More informationMatter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.
Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter 3 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is: Naturally occurring An inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition
More information6/20/2018. Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) 6 th Grade. Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks. density =
6 th Grade Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks Mineral Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) a mineral must meet all four of the following requirements: 1. must be naturally-occurring (formed by
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 4 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More informationRocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions
Rocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D. Gneiss (a metamorphic rock) from Catalina Island, California Alessandro Grippo review Rocks
More informationLAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS
LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS Learning outcomes The student is able to: 1. understand and identify rocks 2. understand and identify parent materials 3. recognize
More informationFigure 1. Random orientation of crystal grains in an igneous rock, granite.
ES088 The Earth s Crust: Rocks Earth system forensics might well start with a disciplined look at materials and how they are formed. When you are given a piece of rock, it is important to remember that
More informationA Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals.
Quartz A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals. Orthoclase Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Biotite Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of Granite. The average automobile contains: Minerals
More informationName Regents Review #7 Date
Name Regents Review #7 Date Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified views of the rocks are shown in the circles. 5. The diagrams below show the crystal
More informationGEOL FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION
GEOL.2150 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION Name I. Introduction There are three basic types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic: Igneous. Igneous rocks have solidified from molten matter
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic
More informationENVI.2030L Rock Identification
ENVI.2030L Rock Identification Name I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety of rocks - aggregates
More informationHappy Tuesday. Pull out a ½ sheet of paper
Happy Tuesday Pull out a ½ sheet of paper 1. Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to 1. the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth.
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More informationMinerals and Rocks Chapter 20
Minerals and Rocks Chapter 20 Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth
More informationPractice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one
More informationEmily and Megan. Earth System Science. Elements of Earth by weight. Crust Elements, by weight. Minerals. Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight
Emily and Megan Chapter 20 MINERALS AND ROCKS Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth
More informationMinerals: Minerals: Building blocks of rocks. Atomic Structure of Matter. Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. Minerals: Building blocks of rocks Definition
More informationEarth Science 11: Minerals
lname: Date: Earth Science 11: Minerals Purpose: Text Pages: I can identify and classify minerals using their physical and chemical properties 90-111 *This is recommended reading! Matter and Atoms (5.1)
More informationFrom Atoms to Minerals to Rocks: The building blocks of the Earth
From Atoms to Minerals to Rocks: The building blocks of the Earth 1 Questions your students might ask? What are rocks made of? What are minerals? What are minerals? What is the difference between Fool
More informationLecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
More informationMinerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2 Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral Solid Inorganic Natural Crystalline Structure - Possess an orderly
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationROCK IDENTIFICATION LAB
ROCK IDENTIFICATION LAB What type of rock is this? Where or how is it formed? Obsidian Extrusive Igneous Rock No crystals formed Glassy Very quick cooling molten rock (lava) What type of rock is this?
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Translation of Mineral Properties to Rock Properties Comparison of mineral properties to rock properties Rocks have lower strength, especially tensile
More informationLab 2: Rocks Page 1 of 8
Lab 2: Rocks Page 1 of 8 LAB 2: ROCK IDENTIFICATION DUE: Friday, Feb. 25 Directions About 90 rocks specimens will be on tables in the classroom. The rocks will be arranged on the lab tables during class,
More informationIgneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100
Igneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Major Concepts 1) Igneous rocks form directly from the crystallization of a magma or lava 2)
More informationThe most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium
Mineralogy: The Study of Minerals and their Properties A Mineral! Occurs! Is a! Is a substance (element or compound)! Has atoms arrange in an orderly pattern ( )! Is (not formed by any process involving
More informationRocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral?
Rocks & Minerals What is a mineral? A mineral must have 5 specific characteristics to be considered a mineral a. b. c. d. e. Naturally occurring - formed by natural processes. Solid - must have a definite
More informationRock Identification. Aphanitic Texture (fine grained) Individual crystals are so small that they are not visible to the naked eye
The Identification of Rocks This lab introduces the identification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks based on mineralogy (composition) and texture. I. Classification of Igneous Rocks Textures
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 2 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More informationTopics that will be discussed
Topics that will be discussed The Rock Cycle Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock The Rock Cycle -Rocks The parent material for all rocks is MAGMA. What is MAGMA? -Rock forming Minerals Are:
More informationCrust Elements. Elements of Earth. Minerals. Crystals. Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air
Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight Elements of Earth Made of atoms
More informationRocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification VI. Additional sub-classes
More informationRocks Environmental Significance. Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3. Rocks Definition of a rock
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Environmental Significance I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification
More informationCHAPTER 2 EARTH MATERIALS: A PHYSICAL GEOLOGY REFRESHER
CHAPTER 2 EARTH MATERIALS: A PHYSICAL GEOLOGY REFRESHER CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter offers a comprehensive review of common rock forming minerals, their occurrence, chemical composition and usefulness
More informationUnit 2 Exam: Rocks & Minerals
Name: Date: 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables, the map and cross section below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The shaded
More informationGeology for Engineers Rocks
89.325 Geology for Engineers Rocks Name I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety of rocks -
More informationPlate tectonics, rock cycle
Dikes, Antarctica Rock Cycle Plate tectonics, rock cycle The Rock Cycle A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one
More informationMatter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more).
1 2 Matter and Minerals Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Also crystalline,
More informationEPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks
Name: EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 5 Introduction In this lab we will classify sedimentary rocks and investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and
More informationExamining Minerals and Rocks
Examining Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? A mineral is homogenous, naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered
More informationROCKS & MINERALS UNIT. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science
ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Characteristics of Minerals 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Class Notes Mineral Characteristics Naturally occurring formed by natural processes Inorganic
More informationES Chap 5 & 6: Rocks
ES Chap 5 & 6: Rocks Objectives 1. Identify and explain characteristics of igneous rocks. This means that if I am given an igneous rock I: a. Can use grain size to identify a rock as intrusive, extrusive,
More informationRocks. Types of Rocks
Rocks Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals. 1 Igneous rocks, Types of Rocks Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. 2 1 3 4 2 IGNEOUS
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Natalie Bursztyn Utah State University Focus Question 2.1 What processes can transform a rock
More informationEngineering Geology and Seismology. Geological Identification of Rocks
Lecture # 6 Engineering Geology and Seismology Geological Identification of Rocks Instructor: Prof. Dr. Attaullah Shah Department of Civil Engineering City University of Science and IT Peshawar 1 Characterizing
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationTo get you thinking What natural process is responsible for the appearance of these rocks? Rocks and the Rock Cycle
To get you thinking What natural process is responsible for the appearance of these rocks? Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bell Ringer Name the 3 types of rock. Is one type of rock able to change into a different
More informationAbout Earth Materials
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound
More informationChapter 4 8/27/2013. Igneous Rocks. and Intrusive Igneous Activity. Introduction. The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava
Introduction Chapter 4 Igneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (or lava). Large parts of the continents and all the oceanic crust are composed of. and Intrusive Igneous Activity The Properties and Behavior
More informationThis slide show is intended to help you understand important types of rocks.
Rocks Mrs. Comer This slide show is intended to help you understand important types of rocks. The diagram in the next slide represents the ROCK CYCLE a scheme that represents the processes of continuous
More informationIgneous Rock Processes and Identification
Igneous Rock Processes and Identification http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.html#kindsofigneousrocks Major Concepts 1)
More information8 th Earth Science Chapter 4 Rocks Name Section 1 The Rock Cycle:
8 th Earth Science Chapter 4 Rocks Name Section 1 The Rock Cycle: Most rock used for stone contains one or more common minerals, called rock-forming minerals, such as, feldspar,, or. When you look closely,
More informationIgneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Section 5.1 What are Igneous Rocks? Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Describe the composition of magma Discuss the factors
More informationMaterials of the Earth
Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science Chapter 23 ROCKS AND MINERALS This lecture will help you understand: Materials of the Earth Mineral Properties Formation of Minerals How Minerals
More informationIgneous Rocks: Formed by Fire (p )
READING QUESTIONS: Chapter 2 (Rocks) PSCI 131 18/WI 70 pts NAME DUE: Monday, January 29 Igneous Rocks: Formed by Fire (p. 34-43) 1. What is magma? 2. Extrusive igneous rocks form at the Earth s, and intrusive
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
1 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Presentation modified from: Instructor Resource Center on CD-ROM, Foundations of Earth Science,, 4 th Edition, Lutgens/Tarbuck, Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Today 2 Rock
More informationQuiz 1. 3) Which of the following planetary bodies has the least number of impact craters on its surface? A) Mercury B) Mars C) the Moon D) Earth
Quiz 1 1) Earth's atmosphere is unique among the moons and planets in that A) it has a nitrogen (N2) rich atmosphere. B) it is rich in oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2). C) it is rich in carbon dioxide because
More information1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)
More informationName Class Date. Chapter 3 Rocks Chapter Test. Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
Chapter 3 Rocks Chapter Test Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following is true about rocks? a. Rocks are
More information