Rocks. Types of Rocks

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1 Rocks Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals. 1 Igneous rocks, Types of Rocks Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. 2 1

2 3 4 2

3 IGNEOUS ROCKS Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies (crystallizes). Molten rock trapped underground is called magma. Molten rock erupted at Earth's surface is referred to as lava. 5 Kilauea Volcano is a huge volcano on the 'Big Island' of Hawaii and is the most active volcano in the world. 6 3

4 Hawaii Island The islands of Hawaii are mostly composed of layer upon layer of basalt which crystallized from flows initially erupting from submarine volcanos. Eventually, enough basalt accumulated to the point where the volcanos rose above sea level. The Big Island, Hawaii, is composed of several huge volcanos composed of basalt. 7 IGNEOUS ROCKS 8 4

5 Igneous rocks are formed when lava or magma cools and hardens. The world's most active and best-studied volcano, Kilauea. This famous volcano, like others across the globe, is the birthplace of thousands of tons of rocks. 9 Types of Igneous rocks The igneous rocks are divided into: Extrusive igneous rocks (or volcanic rocks) which form at Earth's surface and Intrusive igneous rocks (or plutonic rocks) which form underground. 10 5

6 The Most Common Silicate Minerals of Igneous Rocks: plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, micas (muscovite, biotite), pyroxenes (augite), amphiboles (hornblende) and, olivine. 11 Extrusive rocks Extrusive rocks, formed due to rapid cooling of lava at Earth's surface, are composed of tiny crystals (fine grained) (because crystallization was completed within a few seconds, hours, or perhaps days). Rapid cooling does not allow mineral crystals to grow large enough to be seen with the unaided eye. 12 6

7 Extrusive Igneous Rocks The texture of an igneous rock is determined by its rate of cooling. Extrusive rocks are usually fine grained (also called aphanitic) in their texture. 13 Obsidian Obsidian is a very shiny natural volcanic glass. Obsidian is produced when lava cools very quickly. The lava cools so quickly that no crystals can form. When people make glass they melt silica rocks like sand and quartz then cool it rapidly by placing it in water. Obsidian is produced in nature in a similar way. 14 7

8 Obsidian Obsidian is usually black or a very dark green, but it can also be found in an almost clear form. Ancient people throughout the world have used obsidian for arrowheads, knives, spearheads, and cutting tools of all kinds. Today obsidian is used as a scalpel by doctors in very sensitive eye operations

9 Basalts Basalts are dark colored, fine grained extrusive rock.. The mineral grains are so fine that they are impossible to distinguish with the naked eye or even a magnifying glass. They are the most widespread of all the igneous rocks. Most basalts are formed by the rapid cooling and hardening of the lava flows. 17 Basalts 18 9

10 Pumice Pumice is a very light colored, frothy volcanic rock. Pumice is formed from lava that is full of gas. The lava is ejected and shot through the air during an eruption. As the lava hurtles throughthe the air it coolsand the gases escape leaving the rock full of holes. 19 Pumice Pumice is so light that it actually floats on water. Huge pumice blocks have been seen floating on the ocean after large eruptions. Pumice is ground up and used today in soaps, abrasivecleansers cleansers, and alsoin polishes

11 21 TUFF Tuff is also made of lava but is denser and harder than pumice. it is formed from flying lumps of ash blown out during an eruption. These then solidify as they fly through the air and weld together when they hit the ground

12 TUFF 23 Intrusive rocks formed due to slow cooling of magma underground, are composed of large crystals because crystals had a long time to grow before the crystallization process was finished

13 Intrusive rocks This forms a coarse grained or phaneritic texture. t Such large crystals form when molten rock trapped underground, called magma, cools slowly for a long period of time. 25 Three different types of intrusive igneous rocks: Granite Diorite Gabbro They all have a coarse grained texture in which you can readily see the interlocking mineral crystals characteristic of igneous rocks

14 Granite The light color of the rock indicates that it is composed mostly of the minerals quartz, mica and potassium feldspar. Quartz is typically gray to colorless and potassium feldspar is almost always pink colored. The black sheetlike mineral biotite mica is often a minor constituent of granite. 27 Granite 28 14

15 Diorite The predominant minerals include: sodium rich plagioclase feldspar (light colored) and amphibole (dark colored). Quartz and biotite mica are also possible constituent minerals. 29 Diorite 30 15

16 Gabbro which is mostly composed of: calcium rich plagioclasefeldspar feldspar, a light colored mineral, and pyroxene and olivine, dark colored minerals which give gabbro a dark green to black color overall. 31 Gabbro 32 16

17 TEXTURE of Igneous Rocks 1. Glassy 2. Aphanitic 3. Phaneritic 4. Porphyritic 5. Pyroclastic 6. Vesicular 33 Glassy = volcanic glass Cooling is so rapid that individual mineral crystals tl don t thave time to form. Atoms/ions are trapped in an irregular arrangement. Obsidian = natural volcanic glass

18 Aphanitic = fine grained. Slightly less rapid cooling allows small mineral crystalsto to form (<1 mmacross) across). Many extrusive igneous rocks have both glass and small crystals; easily studied with a microscope or a hand lens. Examples: Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite 35 Phaneritic = coarse grained. Slower cooling, deep in the crust, allows larger crystals to form; visible without a microscope. Results in intrusive igneous rocks, which are only exposed on the Earth s surface after overlying rocks are eroded away. Example: Granite, Diorite, Gabbro 36 18

19 Porphyritic often, a few crystals grow to a larger size than others; these are called phenocrysts. The fine grained stuff is called matrix or groundmass. Example: Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite 37 Pyroclastic Pieces of rock and ash come out of a volcano and get welded together by heat. May resemble rhyolite or andesite, but close examination shows pieces of fine grained rock fragments in it. Example: p Tuff made of volcanic ash Volcanic breccia contains fragments of finegrained igneous rocks that are larger than ash

20 Vesicular texture (Small, circular, enclosed space) A small cavity in a glassy igneous rock that is formed when bubbles of gas or steam expand during the cooling and solidification of the rock itself. as gas evolves from magma or lave, it forms bubbles. These bubbles can become trapped during solidification. Example: Pumice and Scoria

21 41 Large Plutons Batholith: a very large (>40 sq.km) body that t cuts across earlier rocks Stock: a smaller body (<40 sq. km) that cuts across earlier rocks that is the upper part of a batholith

22 Small Plutons Laccolith: a dome shaped pluton that has a flat floor Sill: a tabular shaped body that runs parallel to the rock layers Dike: a tabular shaped body that cuts across rock layers 43 22

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