Morgan County School District Re-3. Integrated Science 9 Skills Assessment Resources

Transcription

1 Morgan County School District Re-3 August Introduction to Science S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5 1. Nature of Science How does science take place? What are scientific laws and theories? 2. The way science works What are the basic science skills? How to use units of measurement with conversions. Integrated Science 9 Describe the main branches of natural science and relate them to each other. Describe the relationship between science and technology. Distinguish between scientific laws and scientific theories. Explain the roles of models and mathematics in scientific theories and laws. Understand how to use critical thinking skills to solve problems. Describe the steps of the scientific method. Know some of the tools scientists use to investigate nature. Explain the objective of a consistent system of units of measurement, and know the common SI prefixes for length, mass, and time. Identify what each common SI prefix, and be able to units of measurement. Worksheets vocabulary, section review, worksheets. vocabulary, section review, worksheets, math 3. Organizing data Presenting scientific data. Scientific notation. Significant figures September Matter S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, What is Matter? Composition of matter. Pure substances and mixtures. Interpret line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts. Use scientific notation and significant figures in problem-solving. Identify significant figures in calculations. Understand the difference between precision and accuracy. Explain the relationship between matter, atoms, and elements. Distinguish between elements and compounds. Describe molecules and how they are formed. Interpret and write common chemical Mr. Rench's "Dot Lab", math review, vocabulary, section review, graphing skills lab, making measurements lab. Chapter review (including standardized test prep.

2 2. Properties of matter Physical properties. Chemical properties. Comparing physical and chemical properties. formulas. Categorize materials as pure substances or mixtures. Distinguish between the physical and chemical properties of matter, and give examples of each. Perform calculations involving density. Explain how materials are suited for different uses based upon their physical and chemical properties and give examples. Describe characteristic properties, and give examples. Vocabulary, worksheets, math review, section review, quick lab (mass, volume, density). 3. Changes of matter Physical changes. Chemical changes. States of matter S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, Matter and energy Kinetic theory. Energy's role. Energy and changes of state. Conservation of mass and energy. Explain physical change, and give examples. Explain chemical change, and give examples. Compare and contract physical and chemical changes. Describe how to detect whether a chemical change has occurred. Summarize the main points of kinetic theory of matter (what are the points? explain them). Describe how temperature relates to kinetic energy. Describe four common states of energy. List the different changes of state, and describe how particles behave in each state. State the laws of conservation of mass and energy, and explain how they apply to changes of state. Vocabulary, worksheets, quick lab (physical properties), section Skills practice lab (conservation of mass). Chapter review, including standardized test prep.

3 2. Fluids Buoyancy. Fluids and pressure. Fluids in motion. Explain the buoyant and explain how it keeps objects afloat. Define the Archimedes principle. Explain the role of density in an object's ability to float. State and apply Pascal's principle. State and apply Bernoulli's principle. Vocabulary, worksheets, math review, section Mr. Rench's "Submarine Egg" lab for density. Also include "rainbow" graduated cylinder lab for density. 3. Behavior of gases Properties of gases. Gas laws. Explain how solids, liquids, and gases differ. State and explain Boyle's law, Charles' law, And Gay-Lussca's law. Describe the relationship between pressure, temperature, and volume of gases. Vocabulary, worksheets, quick lab (temperature and volume), math review, section review, graphing skills lab. Chapter review including standardized test prep. October Atoms and Periodic Table S:1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, What are atoms? Dalton's atomic theory. Atoms are building blocks of molecules. What is in an atom? What are the common models of atoms? 2. Tour of the Periodic Table. Organization of the periodic table. Ion formation. How do structures of atoms differ? Explain Dalton's atomic theory, and describe why it was more successful than Democritus's theory. State the charge, mass, and location of each part of an atom according to the modern model of the atom. Compare and contrast Bohr;s model with the modern model of the atom. Relate the organization of the periodic table to the arrangement of electrons within an atom. Explain why some atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions. Determine how many protons, neutrons, and electrons an atom has, given its symbols, atomic number, and average [atomic] mass number. Vocabulary, worksheets, scientific notation review, section review, Quick Activity. Vocabulary, worksheets, and section Quick math review for neutrons, protons, and electrons for neutral atoms. Quick math review for neutrons, protons, and electrons for ions.

4 3. Families of elements. How are elements classified? Metals. Nonmetals. Locate alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, and transition metals on the periodic table. Locate semiconductors [B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te], halogens, and noble gases on the periodic table. Relate an element's chemical properties to the arrangements of electrons in atoms. Quick math review for neutrons, protons, and electrons for isotopes. This would be a great place for a poster project involving Bohr models of atoms and ions (can include modern cloud model for atoms; also, can use isotopic models of hydrogen). 4. Using Moles to count atoms. (aka, the mole). Counting things. Calculating moles. Structure of Matter S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, Compounds and Molecules. What is a molecule? What is a compound? What is a mixture? What is a mole? What is Avogadro's constant? Explain the relationship between a mole of a substance and Avogadro's constant. find the molar mass (atomic mass [weight] per 1 mole of a substance) of an element by using the periodic table. Solve problems converting the amount of an element in moles to its mass in grams, and vice versa. Distinguish between compounds and mixtures. Relate the chemical formula of a compound to the relative numbers of atoms or ions present in a compound. Use models to visualize a compound's chemical structure. Describe how the chemical structure of a compound affects its properties. Vocabulary, worksheets, and section Quick Lab. Math review of ratios. Make a quick lab about using a balance to count number of large grains (corn, beans, peas, etc.). Ratios used as conversion factors, mass => molar mass => moles and vice versa. Calculate the number of water molecules in one milliliter of liquid water (mass => density => molar mass => moles => molecules). Skills Practice Lab Chapter review including standardized test prep. review, Quick Lab. Good time to make gumdrop-andtoothpick molecular models.

5 2. Ionic and covalent bonding What holds atoms together when it is said that they are bonded together? How is an ion formed? What is "charge?" Regarding Ionic compounds, what is the difference between molecules and networks? Why will an ionic compound that is dissolved in water conduct electricity, while a solid ionic compound will not conduct electricity? What is ionic bonding. What are metallic bonds, and how do they differ from covalent bonds? Polyatomic ions. 3. Compound Names and formulas Naming common ionic compounds. Naming cations and anions. Determining charges of transition metals (with what nonmetals are they bonded/). Writing formulas for ionic compounds. Naming covalent compounds. Chemical formulas for covalent compounds. What is an empirical formula? How can different compounds have the same empirical formula? What is a molecular formula? Why do we need molecular formulas? Explain why atoms sometimes join to form bonds. Explain why some atoms transfer their valence electrons to form ionic bonds. Explain what some atoms share valence electrons to form covalent bonds. Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. Compare the properties of substances with different types of bonds. Name simple ionic and covalent compounds (including organics). Predict the charge of a transition metal cation in an ionic compound. Write chemical formulas for simple ionic compounds. Distinguish a covalent compound's empirical formula from its molecular formula. Teacher demonstration of electricity conduction through pure water, ionized water, and solid ionic crystals. Provide extra worksheets for ionic and covalent bonding. Good place for a poster project about ionic and covalent bonding. Vocabulary, section Math skills (proportions ionic compounds). Make sure there are sufficient worksheets for practice, quick lab. Chapter review with standardized test prep. November Chemical Reactions S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, What is meant by the words Recognize some signs reaction may be

6 "chemical reaction?" How do chemical reactions change substances? Energy as it applies to chemical reactions. 2. What are the types of chemical reactions? How are chemical reactions classified? What is the role of electrons in chemical reactions? taking place. Explain chemical changes in terms of the structure and motion of atoms and molecules. Describe the differences between endothermic and exothermic reactions. Identify situations (specific types of reactions) involving chemical energy. Be able to distinguish among five general types of chemical reactions. Predict the products of some chemical reactions based on reaction type. Describe chemical reactions that transfer or share electrons between molecules, atoms, and ions (consider ionic, covalent, metallic and hydrogen bonds). review, math review (ration, proportions, moles, molar mass). review, and provide numerous examples of reaction types. Chapter review with standardized test prep, Solutions S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5 1. Solutions and other mixtures. What are heterogeneous mixtures? What are examples of heterogeneous mixtures? What is a suspension? What is miscible and immiscible? What is a colloid? What is an emulsion? What is the Tyndall effect? What are examples of colloids? What are homogeneous mixtures? What is a solution? What is a solute? What is a solvent? What is distillation? States of matter other than liquids that form solutions (gaseous and solid Distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. Compare the properties of suspensions, colloids, and solutions. Give examples of liquid, gaseous, and solid solutions. review, quick activity, and insert a paper chromatography experiment in here.

7 solutions). Solid solutions. 2. How substances dissolve. Water, the common solvent. Water dissolves ionic compounds. Molecular polarity of water. Forces of attraction. Water dissolves molecular compounds. Polar versus non-polar compounds and the rule of like-dissolves-like. Surface area and the rates in which solutions dissolve. Stirring or shaking and the rates in which solutions dissolve. Temperature and the rates in which solutions dissolve. Solutes affect the physical properties of a solution. Explain how the polarity of water enables it to dissolve many different substances. Relate the ability of a solvent to dissolve a solute to the relative strengths of forces between molecules. Explain how a solute affects the freezing and boiling points of a solution. review, quick activity, insert a mixed boiling point experiment here, insert a mixed freezing point experiment here. Chapter review including standardized test prep. December Acids and Bases S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5 1. What are acids? Strong and weak acids. What is a hydronium ion? What is an electrolyte? What is an indicator? What is ionization (dissociation of acids)? What are bases? Strong and weak bases. What are metal hydroxides? Other bases that ionize in water to form hydroxide ions. What is ph? How do we calculate ph for acids? How do we calculate ph for bases? Describe the ionization of strong acids in water, and the dissociation of strong bases in water. Distinguish between solutions of weak acids, and solutions of strong acids. Distinguish between solutions of weak bases, and solutions of strong bases. Relate ph to the concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution. Identify four types of nuclear radiation and their properties. review, math skills review, graphing skills Chapter review including standardized test prep.

8 January Nuclear Changes (radioactivity, fission, fusion) S:1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5 1. What is radioactivity and nuclear radiation? What are the types of radiation? What are alpha radiation (alpha particles)? What is beta radiation (beta particles)? What is gamma radiation? What is neutron radiation (neutron particles)? What is nuclear decay, and how does it occur? What are radioactive decay equations, and how are they used? What are radioactive decay rates and half-lives; and, how are they used? How do we do half-life word problems? 2. What are nuclear forces? What is strong nuclear force? What is nuclear fission? What is critical mass? What is a nuclear chain reaction? What is a mass-energy equation? What is mass defect? Using nuclear equations, how do you determine whether the reaction is fission or fusion? Balance nuclear decay equations. Calculate the half-lives of radioactive isotopes. Be able to solve word problems involving half-lives. Identify four types of nuclear radiation and their properties. Balance nuclear decay equations. Calculate the half-lives of radioactive isotopes. Be able to solve word problems involving half-lives. review, math skills and practice, quick activity. Practice balancing nuclear equations. Have a quiz on this section before having the semester final test. The final test should be comprehensive to cover the entire 1 st semester. review, quick activity. How to distinguish between fission and fusion reactions using nuclear equations. Have a quiz on this section. Heat and Temperature S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.3, 5 1. What is temperature? Cover the question: What is kinetic energy? How does temperature and kinetic energy interrelate? What happens to particles of matter as Describe how the strong nuclear force affects the composition of the nucleus. Distinguish between fission and fusion, and be able to provide examples of each. Recognize the equivalence of mass review, math skills and practice, quick activity, quick lab.

9 kinetic energy increases or decreases? How do we interconvert among Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin? How is temperature related to energy transfer (heat transfer). and energy, and why small losses in mass release large amounts of energy. Explain what a chain reaction is, how one is initiated, and how it can be controlled. 2 Energy transfer. How does transfer of heat energy by conduction work? How does transfer of heat energy by convection work? How does transfer of heat energy by radiation work? What materials make good heat energy conductors and insulators? What is specific heat? How do we calculate specific heat of a material, mass of the material, heat energy transferred, and change of temperature of the material using the specific heat equation? Emphasize that heat energy transfer is a type of conservation of energy (is heat ever entirely lost?) Define temperature in terms of average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. Convert temperature among Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Recognize heat as a form of energy TRANSFER (as opposed to internal energy). Investigate and demonstrate how energy is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. Identify and distinguish between conductors and insulators--and be able to site examples of each. Solve problems involving the specific heat equation. Informal assessment using demonstrations of heat energy through conduction, convection, and radiation. quick lab, quick activity, math skills and practice. This would be a good place to have calorimetry labs (diabatic and adiabatic). 3. Using heat. Exploring different heating systems. Exploring different cooling systems. Exploring heat engines. February Waves, Their Characteristics and Interactions S: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.3, 5 1. What is a wave? What are the types of waves? What is a medium, and what is its Describe the concepts of different and cooling systems. Compare different heating and cooling systems in terms of their transfer of usable energy. Explain how a heat engine uses heat energy to do work. Recognize that waves transfer energy. Distinguish between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. Explain the relationship between particle vibration and wave motion. review, math skills and practice, skills practice lab. Chapter review with standardized test prep. review, quick lab,

10 relationship to waves? What is an electromagnetic wave? Waves transfer energy, which has the ability to do work. Wave vibrations. Waves can pass through a series of vibrating masses. What is harmonic motion? What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves? How do we describe surface waves? Distinguish between transverse waves and longitudinal waves. 2. The characteristics of waves. What is a sine-curve? What is a wave length? What is amplitude? What are crests and troughs? What are compression and rarefaction? How are compression and rarefaction of longitudinal waves related to crests and through of transverse waves? What are period and frequency? How do we calculate frequency? What are the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light? How do we calculate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength using the wave speed equation? What affects wave speed? How do we describe the Doppler effect? 3. Wave interactions. How are reflection, diffraction, and refraction defined? What is interference? What is the difference between constructive and destructive Identify the crest, trough, amplitude, and wavelength of a wave. Define the terms, frequency and period. Solve problems involving wave speed, frequency, and wavelength. Describe the Doppler effect. Describe how waves behave when they meet an obstacle or pass into another medium. Explain what happens when two waves interfere. Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference. review, math skills and practice, quick activity review, graphing skills, skills practice lab. Chapter review with standardized test prep.

11 interference? What are some effects of wave interference? What is a standing wave? Sound and Light S: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, 5 1. Sound. What are the properties of sound? What affects the speed of sound? Wave energy causes amplitude. Speed of wave and amplitude create intensity, which is loudness. Frequency dictates pitch. The properties of any given sound are loudness and pitch. What are infrasound and ultrasound? What is the relationship between musical instruments and standing waves? What is fundamental frequency? What is harmonics? What is forced vibration? What is natural frequency? What is resonance? How do we hear things? How does ultrasound and sonar work? 2. The Nature of Light. Waves and particles (the dual nature of light). The energy of light depends on wavelength (compare this to sound waves). The speed of light depends on the medium. Brightness of light depends on intensive which, in turn, depends on the number of photons that pass through a certain area of space. The electromagnetic spectrum. Explain how standing waves are formed. Recognize what factors affect the speed of sound. Relate loudness and pitch to the properties of sound. Explain how harmonics and resonance affect the sound from musical instruments. Describe how we hear things (what are the functions of the parts of the ear?). Explain how sonar and ultrasound work. Recognize that light has both wave and particle characteristics. Relate the energy of light to the frequency of electromagnetic waves. Describe the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Explain how electromagnetic waves are used in communication, medicine, and other areas. review, quick activity, another quick activity, and a quick lab. review, real world application. Chapter review with standardized testprep.

12 What are UV, x-ray, IR, microwave, and radio wavelengths? March The Solar System S: Sun, Earth, and Moon. What is a planet? What is our closest star? What is the central body of the solar system? What holds the solar system together? What is the difference between planets and satellites? What is the order, from closest to farthest, of the nine planets. What are the phases of the moon? What is the difference between a solar and a lunar eclipse? What causes tides, and how do tides occur. Recognize Earth as one of many planets that orbit the Sun. Explain how gravity works within the solar system. Describe eclipses and phases of the moon. List two characteristics of the moon, and describe how the moon affects the Earth's tides. review, this would be a good place to use Mr. Rench's CD about the solar system. 2. Inner and outer planets. What is meant by terrestrial planets? What is a hydrosphere? What are the unique features of each of the following: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars? What is an asteroid and where can most of them be found? What is meant by gas giant? Which planets are gas giants? What are the unique features of each of the following: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune? What are the unique features of Pluto? Identify the planets of the solar system and their features. Know the order of the nine planets from closest to farthest. State two characteristics that allow Earth to sustain life? Describe two characteristics of giant gas planets. review, real world application, this is a good place to use Mr. Rench's CD on the solar system. Chapter The Universe S: Lives and deaths of stars. What are stars? Describe the basic structure and properties of stars. Explain how the surface temperature review, this would be a good place to have an activity using hand-held

13 What is a light-year? How do stars work? Brightness of stars. How is star color determined? How do we determine the composition of stars? Deaths of stars. How are neutron-stars and black holes formed? How do we interpret the Hertzsprung- Russel (H-R) diagram interpreted? 2. Milky Way and other galaxies. What is a galaxy? What holds galaxies together? What are clusters and superclusters, and what holds them together? What are the different types of galaxies? What is interstellar matter? of a star is measured. Recognize that all normal stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, and that these reactions produce elements. Identify the stages in the evolution of stars. Define galaxy, and be able to identify Earth's home galaxy. Describe two characteristics of a spiral galaxy. Distinguish between the three types of galaxies (spiral, elliptical, and irregular). Describe two aspects of a quasarand identify the tools scientists use to study quasars. spectroscopes, demonstrate the use of the H-R diagram. It might be good to use Mr. Rench's CD of the Sun, graphing skills, skills practice lab. Chapter review including standardized test prep. Chapter test (without section 3). April Planet Earth S: Earth's interior. What is the Earth's interior like? What are plate tectonics, and what are the best explanations about that causes it to happen? What are the different plate boundaries, and what causes them? Identify Earth's different geological layers. Explain how the presence of magnetic bands on the ocean floor supports the theory of plate tectonics. Describe the movement of Earth's lithosphere using the theory of plate tectonics. Identify the three types of plate boundaries and the principal structures that form each type of boundary. 2. Earthquakes and volcanoes. What are earth quakes, and what causes them? Identify the causes of earthquakes. Distinguish between primary, secondary, and surface waves.

14 What are the different kinds of waves associated with earth quakes? How are earthquakes measured? What are the different kinds of volcanoes, and where are they most commonly found? Describe how earthquakes are measured and rated. Explain how and where volcanoes occur. Describe the different types of common volcanoes. We have several movies on the solar system, galaxies, and the universe. 3. What is the difference between rocks and minerals? What are the differences between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock? How does the rock cycle work? How are rocks dated? 4. What the causes of physical (aka mechanical) weathering? What are the causes of chemical weathering? What are the causes of erosion? The Atmosphere S: 4.2, Characteristics of the atmosphere. What are the layers of the atmosphere? What are the characteristics of each layer of the atmosphere? Changes in the atmosphere over time. What is the greenhouse effect? 2. Wind and water. What is the water cycle? What is the difference between evaporation and transpiration? What causes humidity? Identify three types of rock. Explain the properties of each type of rock based on physical and chemical properties. Explain how rocks are dated. Distinguish between chemical and physical weathering. Explain how chemical weathering can form caves in limestone. Describe the importance of water to chemical weathering. Identify three physical elements that cause erosion. Identify the primary layers of the atmosphere. Describe how the atmosphere has evolved over time. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide cycles work. Discuss the recent changes in the Earth's atmosphere. Describe the three phases of the water cycle. Explain how temperature and humidity are related. Identify various cloud types by their appearance. Chapter

15 May What causes dew point? What is barometric pressure? What causes wind and winddirection? 3. Weather and climate. What are air masses? What are the three types of front, and what causes them? What causes lightning. What causes tornadoes? What causes hurricanes? What causes the change in seasons in a year's time? This next section covers speed, velocity, inertia, momentum, acceleration, force, Newton s 3 Laws of Motion, Gravity (acceleration), potential energy, kinetic energy, and conservation of energy. This spans more than one chapter, and it must be completed in about two weeks. Use the concept of pressure gradients to explain how winds are generated. Explain how the Earth's rotation affects wind direction. Describe the formation of warm and cold fronts. Describe the situations in which thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes occur. Distinguish between climate and weather. Identify factors that affect climate. Chapter S 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, Speed and velocity how is speed and velocity similar and different? How are speed and velocity calculated? How is speed related to velocity? Relate speed to distance and time. Distinguish between speed and velocity. Solve problems related to time, distance, speed, and velocity. 2. Inertia and momentum Newton s first Law what are inertia and momentum? How is momentum related to velocity and mass? Calculate P, M and V. Relate velocity and mass to momentum. Calculate P, M, and V.

16 3. Acceleration how are velocity and time related to acceleration? Circular motion and acceleration. Acceleration depicted on a velocity/time graph. Describe why acceleration is a change of acceleration over a change in time. Calculate acceleration. Graph acceleration using velocity/time. 4. Force what is force? How is force associated with mass and acceleration? What is friction and drag? 5. What is gravity (gravitational acceleration)? What is weight (gravitational force)? Calculate weight. 6. What are potential and kinetic energy? How are potential and kinetic energy related in terms of conservation of energy? How are PE and KE calculated? Basic cell biology S: 3.1, 3.2, 6 Supplemental material. What is the structure of the cell membrane? What are the organelles of a eukaryotic cell? How do materials move into and out of the cell? What are the functions of the organelles of a eukaryotic cell? Explain how force relates to acceleration. Explain ways in which friction can be increased or decreased. Calculate force, acceleration, and mass using F=Ma. Evaluate the concept that objects fall independently of their mass (Galileo s experiment). Calculate W, M, and g. Define PE and KE. Calculate KE and Peg. Distinguish between mechanical and other types of energy. Identify the names and functions of cell parts. Explain the importance of a cell nucleus. Compare tissue, organ, and organ system. Test. Semester test should be a comprehensive final test.