Correlation to. Maine's Science and Technology Standards CPO Science: Physical, Earth, and Space Science. Volume 2 Investigation Manual Page

Transcription

1 S.A1 A. Unifying Themes: apply the principles of systems, models, constancy and change, and scale in science and technology. Systems apply an understanding of systems to explain and analyze manmade and natural phenomena. 116 how systems may reach equilibrium 117 equilibrium 119 equilibrium 149 levers 149 ramp as a simple machine 150 jack as a lever 151 types of levers 157 describe forms of energy from origin-sun to life 206 heat conduction 208 natural and forced convection 209 thermal radiation 210 apply knowledge of heat transfer to different situations 257 types of water 267 types of water on Earth 434 how a generator works 542 recognize and describe how systems may reach equilibrium 591 rivers streams erosion and deposition 664 relative sizes and distances with system 668 phases of the moon 50 movement of heat convection 51 convection 51 convection 61 heat transfer through radiation 142 water cycle model 143 water cycle model 146 rivers and streams 147 rivers and streams 172 phases of the moon 178 stars and spectroscopy 191 astronomy and light 278 position of Earth among planets Page 1 of 45

2 669 lunar eclipses 670 solar eclipses 672 tides and Earth and moon s relationship 676 giant impact theory 694 classifying stars 695 using temperature and color to classify stars 696 brightness of a star 696 using brightness and luminosity to classify stars 697 H-R diagrams 697 temperature and luminosity of stars S.A2 A. Unifying Themes: apply the principles of systems, models, constancy and change, and scale in science and technology. Models evaluate the effectiveness of a model by comparing its predictions to actual observations from the physical setting, the living environment, and the technological world. 28 know that scientific knowledge can be in the form of models 3 how close were predictions 26 compare prediction to graph 48 compare prediction to results 52 human arm model 75 modeling an atom 86 modeling a chemical bond 96 modeling a reaction 119 science is often in the form of models 219 which model is supported? Page 2 of 45

3 S.A3 A. Unifying Themes: apply the principles of systems, models, constancy and change, and scale in science and technology. Constancy and Change identify and analyze examples of constancy and change that result from varying types and rates of change in physical, biological, and technological systems with and without counterbalances. 85 constant velocity 114 compare and contrast constant and changing velocity 126 compare and contrast constant and changing velocity 166 conservation of energy in a broader context 337 history of law of conservation of mass 351 catalysts and inhibitors 355 basic concepts of radioactivity and decay of one atom into another 666 Earth s rotation and patterns of day and night 667 patterns of day and night and years 668 phases of the moon 669 lunar eclipses 670 solar eclipses 670 solar eclipses 670 solar eclipses 672 tides and Earth and moon s relationship 673 identify seasons 676 giant impact theory 695 explain how stars produce energy 39 energy in a system 68 radioactivity 69 radioactivity 172 phases of the moon 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different light sources 181 analyzing light from a star 182 star life cycle and H-R diagram 183 graphing star data 184 groupings on the H-R diagram 224 conservation of energy Page 3 of 45

4 695 how stars produce energy 697 general features of the life cycle of stars 698 how stars form and how they produce energy and stars life cycle 699 star begins as a nebula 699 how stars form and features of life cycle 700 formation of stars 700 white dwarf stars 700 formation of a red giant 701 life cycle of a star 703 star s life cycle 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 727 how stars form 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 star life cycle 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang Page 4 of 45

5 S.A4 A. Unifying Themes: apply the principles of systems, models, constancy and change, and scale in science and technology. Scale apply understanding of scale to explain phenomena in physical, biological, and technological systems. 15 calculating light year using scientific notation 59 changes in scale influence characteristics 662 describe compare and explain the orbits of moons and planets 675 scientific notation 681 orbits of other bodies in the solar system 682 other bodies in solar system 683 orbits on bodies in solar system 708 astronomic numbers expressed in scientific notation 709 calculating and using light years 711 light years and time 718 light years 721 light years 724 light years 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang 195 calculating solar brightness units (SBU) from kilometers in scientific notation 277 use astronomical units 277 use of light years 278 astronomical units 284 light years 284 use light years to describe distances in the universe Page 5 of 45

6 733 converting numbers to scientific notation Page 6 of 45

7 S.B1 B. The Skills and Traits of Scientific Inquiry and Technological Design Skills and Traits of Scientific Inquiry methodically plan, conduct, analyze data from, and communicate results of in-depth scientific investigations, including experiments guided by a testable hypothesis. 13 metric rulers 25 making graphical model from data 26 creating graphical model from data 27 analysis of trends from data 28 identifying cause and effect 28 estimating from a graph 28 constructing graph from data 29 analyze trends from data 29 constructing a graph 34 asking scientific questions 38 describe steps of the scientific method 39 formulate a testable hypothesis 40 recognizing and controlling variables in observations and experiments 41 lab report 41 writing lab procedures 49 steps of scientific method 51 maps 52 photogates 52 photogates each investigation begins with a Key Question 1 general lab safety guidelines 3 how close were predictions 4 timers 5 timers and photogates 6 identify cause and effect 7 formulate hypothesis 8 make hypothesis 8 testing explanations against observations 11 recognizing and controlling variables 11 making and evaluating a graphical model 12 formulate a testable hypothesis 13 analysis of errors 13 recognizing controlling variables 13 photogates and timers 13 cause and effect 15 design a procedure others can follow 20 make a hypothesis 22 create a graph Page 7 of 45

8 52 variables 54 maps 57 maps 58 maps 60 maps 62 maps 64 maps 66 maps 67 maps 78 timers 81 graphs 82 identify cause and effect real and hypothesized 82 analyze trends from data 82 making and evaluating graphs 83 determining slope of a line 85 determining slope 247 why is Earth s atmosphere different from other planets 265 maps 332 communicating with graphs 391 using a multimeter to measure current 610 harmonic motion graphs 23 test your prediction 23 calculate percent error 24 predict what graph will look like 24 selecting ramp and photogates 26 compare prediction to graph 27 balances 27 force scales 28 make graph from data 28 balances 29 timers and photogates 30 photogates 30 formulate a testable hypothesis 34 graphical models 34 analyze trends from data 34 recognizing and controlling variables 37 explaining 43 chemical safety 47 heat safety 48 compare prediction to results 51 communication 53 graph mass vs. volume 54 slope of line Page 8 of 45

9 62 constructing and evaluating graphical models from data 66 analyze trends from data 83 using balances 85 select materials from list 85 plan procedures and select materials 85 perform the experiment you designed 85 present results to the class 89 chemical safety 91 testing hypothesis 110 formulate testable hypothesis 110 collect observational data 113 creating and evaluating graphical model from data 114 analyze trends from data 115 sequencing events 119 communicating 122 maps 123 maps 124 maps 127 safety devices 133 identify cause and effect 134 graduated cylinders Page 9 of 45

10 134 balances 137 create a solubility curve 146 identifying cause and effect 155 analyze pendulum data 155 plan three experiments to determine which variable affects the period of a pendulum 155 investigate variables that affect the period of a pendulum 155 evaluate statistical significance 171 make a hypothesis 187 telescopes 190 construct graphical model from data and evaluate 190 telescopes 202 formulate testable hypothesis 203 construct and evaluate a quantitative graphical model 208 maps 215 explaining 218 create a graph 230 construct graphical model from data and evaluate 231 chemical safety Page 10 of 45

11 239 formulate testable hypothesis 240 formulate testable hypothesis 240 construct and evaluate graphical models 241 recognize and control variables 245 use a multimeter 256 thermometers S.B2 B. The Skills and Traits of Scientific Inquiry and Technological Design Skills and Traits of Technological Design use a systematic process, tools and techniques, and a variety of materials to design and produce a solution or product that meets new needs or improves existing designs. 46 sample engineering problem 63 creating dimensional sketches 117 create and interpret dimensional drawings 119 dimensioned drawings 279 design and test model 145 dimensioned drawings 159 sketch the wave fronts 277 design models Page 11 of 45

12 S.C1 C. The Scientific and Technological Enterprise Understandings of Inquiry describe key aspects of scientific investigations: that they are guided by scientific principles and knowledge, that they are performed to test ideas, and that they are communicated and defended publicly. 34 recognizing that scientific knowledge is a process of learning 35 recognize that repeatability of investigations is necessary 36 historical context and perspective of discoveries 38 recognition that science is a process 38 describe steps of the scientific method 39 recognize repeatability of investigation is necessary for verification of evidence 39 formulate a testable hypothesis 44 importance of repeatability 49 steps of scientific method 64 science is a process of investigation of learning about the natural world 667 the history of clocks and the division of time 667 development of calendar 727 limits of what science can answer 7 recognize that repeatability is necessary 7 formulate hypothesis 8 make hypothesis 9 repeatability of investigations is necessary 12 formulate a testable hypothesis 20 make a hypothesis 30 formulate a testable hypothesis 110 formulate testable hypothesis 171 make a hypothesis 202 formulate testable hypothesis 239 formulate testable hypothesis 240 formulate testable hypothesis Page 12 of 45

13 S.C2 C. The Scientific and Technological Enterprise Understandings About Science and Technology explain how the relationship between scientific inquiry and technological design influences the advancement of ideas, products, and systems. 7 trace the development of measurement 9 bytes and SI prefixes 38 trace development of theories 45 science and technology 110 relationship between science and technology maglev trains 111 relationship between science and applied technology Page 13 of 45

14 S.C3 C. The Scientific and Technological Enterprise Science, Technology, and Society describe the role of science and technology in creating and solving contemporary issues and challenges. 165 energy usage and conservation 246 nitrogen cycle 346 research economic impact of fuel cells 346 research environmental impact of fuel cells 367 understand how waste products from technology create pollutants 369 fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions 436 how human activity affects resources renewable and nonrenewable 436 effects of human activity on natural resources 437 evnironmental impact of fossil fuel use 437 classify resources as renewable or nonrenewable 439 research and classify resources as renewable or nonrenewable 550 acid rain 552 acid rain 566 depleting Ogallala aquifer 567 protecting watersheds 96 ocean acidification 150 draw conclusions about effects of human activity on resources 151 draw conclusions about effects of human activity on resources 240 oil seeps 241 environmental impact of using different energy sources Page 14 of 45

15 S.C4 C. The Scientific and Technological Enterprise History and Nature of Science describe the human dimensions and traditions of science, the scientific knowledge, and historical episodes in science that impacted science and society. 7 trace the development of measurement 38 trace development of theories 44 science and peer review 291 history of periodic table development 667 development of calendar 11 collaboration and peer review S.D1a Universe and Solar System Explain why the unit of light years can be used to describe distances to objects in the universe and use light years to describe distances. 709 calculating and using light years 711 light years and time 718 light years 721 light years 724 light years 277 use of light years 284 light years 284 use light years to describe distances in the universe Page 15 of 45

16 S.D1b Universe and Solar System Explain the role of gravity in forming and maintaining planets, stars, and the solar system. 661 Newton s law of gravitation 672 role of gravity in solar system 675 role of gravity in solar system Page 16 of 45

17 S.D1c Universe and Solar System Outline the age, origin, and process of formation of the universe as currently understood by science. 681 how astronomical instruments help us universe 695 how stars produce energy 695 explain how stars produce energy 697 general features of the life cycle of stars 698 how stars form and how they produce energy and stars life cycle 699 how stars form and features of life cycle 699 star begins as a nebula 700 white dwarf stars 700 formation of a red giant 700 formation of stars 701 life cycle of a star 703 star s life cycle 712 history of the telescope 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 718 general characteristics of universe galaxies 719 features of universe as we currently understand it 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different light sources 181 analyzing light from a star 182 star life cycle and H-R diagram 183 graphing star data 184 groupings on the H-R diagram 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies 278 general characteristics of universe Page 17 of 45

18 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 720 characteristics of the universe 721 characteristics of the universe 724 astronomical instruments 724 description of galaxy as we know it 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 726 historical theories of universe 727 evidence for Big Bang 727 theories of universe origin 727 how stars form 728 evidence for Big Bang 728 star life cycle 731 evidence for Big Bang 734 research and describe astronomical objects Page 18 of 45

19 S.D1d Universe and Solar System Describe the major events that have led to our current understanding of the universe and the current technologies used to further our understanding. 681 how astronomical instruments help us universe 712 history of the telescope 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 724 astronomical instruments 726 how doppler shift and cosmic background radiation are evidence for Big Bang 726 historical theories of universe 727 evidence for Big Bang 727 theories of universe origin 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies Page 19 of 45

20 S.D2a Earth Describe and analyze the effect of solar radiation, ocean currents, and atmospheric conditions on the Earth s surface and the habitability of Earth. 250 effect of elevation on climate 251 fate of incoming solar radiation 253 large scale movement of air and how it affects weather 254 how differential heating of Earth causes air movements 255 differential heating of Earth results in circulation of air 255 effect of latitude on climate 255 how air movement affects weather 256 movement of air affects weather 259 latitudes affect where biomes occur 261 mountains affect climate 261 fate of incoming solar radiation 263 large scale movement of air causes weather changes 264 things that affect climate and weather 264 movement of air affects weather 50 modeling convection in Earth's atmosphere 52 exploring sea and land breezes 61 heating land and water 142 explain relationship between solar energy and precipitation and rivers and oceans 143 understand relationship between solar energy and water cycle 260 global winds and ocean currents 261 exploring salinity and temperature-dependent layering 263 understanding the North Atlantic gyre 264 thermohaline currents 264 differential heating causes circulation of currents Page 20 of 45

21 265 differential heating of Earth leads to distribution of heat 269 movement of air affects weather 373 greenhouse gases 374 how greenhouse gases work 573 effects of climate based on warm or cold ocean currents 671 relative amount of solar radiation Page 21 of 45

22 S.D2b Earth Describe Earth s internal energy sources and their role in plate tectonics. 466 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 466 plate tectonics 473 diagram inner Earth 475 diagram inner structure of Earth 490 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 494 types of formations found at different plate boundaries 500 diagram inner Earth 501 diagram inner structure of Earth 518 types of plate boundaries 522 inner workings of volcano 119 model Earth 120 types of features found along plate boundaries 120 model inner layers of Earth 121 three types of plate boundaries and features associated with them 123 structures that form at certain plate boundaries 124 students know the structures that form at plate boundaries 124 types of features at plate boundaries 130 theory of plate tectonics 132 know what forms at different types of plate boundaries 132 students know structures that form at the three different plate boundaries 252 plate tectonics 253 plate tectonics Page 22 of 45

23 S.D2c Earth Describe and analyze the effects of biological and geophysical influences on the origin and changing Earth Systems. 69 types of rock and how they are formed 378 global climate change and you 452 fossil record helps to history of Earth 465 rock cycle 466 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 466 how rocks are formed 490 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 490 how rocks are formed 582 rock cycle 591 rivers streams erosion and deposition 598 rock cycle 681 asteroid impact of 65 million years ago 702 compare Sun with other stars 703 compare Sun with other stars 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 123 geologic basis for earthquakes 125 students know geologic basis for earthquakes 133 how rocks are formed 146 rivers and streams 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 147 rivers and streams 147 running water shapes the landscape 148 predict evolution of land features resulting from erosion 148 beaches 149 beaches 150 predict results of erosion 150 beaches 151 beaches 151 predict results of erosion 226 mountain building 248 exploring the rock cycle 249 modeling rock types to study rock cycle Page 23 of 45

24 250 geologic transformation scenarios 252 general history on Earth 253 fossils S.D2d Earth Describe and analyze the effects of human influences on Earth Systems. 246 nitrogen cycle 436 how human activity affects resources renewable and nonrenewable 436 effects of human activity on natural resources 150 draw conclusions about effects of human activity on resources 151 draw conclusions about effects of human activity on resources Page 24 of 45

25 S.D3a Matter and Energy Describe the structure of atoms in terms of neutrons, protons, and electrons and the role of the atomic structure in determining chemical properties. 278 atoms are made up of protons and neutrons and electrons 279 protons neutrons and electrons 280 basic properties of an atom and the three subatomic particles 282 understand how atomic structure determines the identity of elements atomic number 283 structure of an atom and three smaller particles 284 three subatomic particles and their charge 289 electron shells 291 recognizing groups or families on the periodic table 291 idea of atomic mass 291 describe periodic table 293 explain what isotopes are 293 atomic number on the periodic table 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 294 describing periodic table 294 recognizing groups and families of periodic table 67 what isotopes are 67 atomic symbol and atomic number and mass number 67 Bohr model 67 structure of an atom based on protons and neutrons and electrons 69 what isotopes are 69 identify symbols and atomic number and mass number 70 periodic table 71 build and describe periodic table 73 identify symbol and atomic number and mass number of elements 74 recognizing groups or families 74 periodic table 75 periodic table 76 review subatomic particles 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule Page 25 of 45

26 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 296 recognizing groups and families and periodic table 296 describe periodic table 298 properties in relation to periodic table 298 describe periodic table 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 299 groups on periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 316 periodic table and oxidation numbers 355 explain what isotopes are Page 26 of 45

27 S.D3b Matter and Energy Describe how the number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule determine a molecule s properties, including the types of bonds it makes with other molecules and its mass, and apply this to predictions about chemical reactions. 293 explain what isotopes are 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 298 properties in relation to periodic table 298 how electron interactions create bonds 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 308 difference between covalent and ionic bonds 308 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 how ions are formed 309 understand that elements combine in constant proportions to form compounds 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 difference between ionic and covalent bonds 67 what isotopes are 69 what isotopes are 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers 80 predict chemical formulas 81 name chemical compounds 84 investigate and recognize that the chemical reactions can be represented as systems with reactants and products 87 practice balancing equations Page 27 of 45

28 310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 315 electron transfer and oxidation number 316 periodic table and oxidation numbers 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 317 distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent molecules 317 explain why ions are formed 318 apply rules for writing formulas of simple chemical compounds Page 28 of 45

29 322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 323 rules for writing formulas 338 balanced chemical equations 338 chemical equations 339 balancing chemical equations 355 explain what isotopes are 548 how ions are formed Page 29 of 45

30 S.D3c Matter and Energy Explain the essential roles of carbon and water in life processes. 257 types of water 267 types of water on Earth 302 how carbon cycles through an ecosystem 326 identifying foods as being made up complex molecules 329 food is composed of complex molecules 329 how special properties of carbon make the great variety of biomolecules 530 water structure and its function as a solvent 530 a water molecule is v- shaped 545 water as solvent 548 water as solvent 566 groundwater 142 water cycle model 143 water cycle model 234 understand that carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen and oxygen combine to form biomolecules 234 carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen and oxygen combine to form biomolecules 234 explain how special bonding properties of carbon make possible the great variety and complexity of biomolecules Page 30 of 45

31 S.D3d Matter and Energy Describe how light is emitted and absorbed by atoms changing energy levels, and how the results can be used to identify a substance. 285 identify chemicals by using spectral lines 285 qualitative concept of absorption and emission of light by electrons 286 qualitative concept of absorption and emission of light by electrons 286 idea that electrons are in set energy levels 287 quantum theory explained 288 quantum theory idea that electrons are in fixed energy levels 289 energy levels 290 identify elements by spectral analysis 290 emission of light by electrons 290 quantum theory electrons in specific energy levels 295 relate quantum theory to the idea that electrons exist at set energy levels 296 quantum theory to the idea that electrons at energy levels 302 concepts of absorption and emission of light by atomic electrons 178 stars and spectroscopy 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different sources 181 analyzing light from a star Page 31 of 45

32 311 relate the term quantum theory to the idea that electrons exist at set energy levels 312 relate quantum theory to the fact that electrons exist at set energy levels 313 relate quantum theory to electrons in energy levels 314 relate quantum theory to the idea that electrons exist at set energy levels 702 using spectral analysis to identify components of stars 703 using spectral analysis to identify components of stars Page 32 of 45

33 S.D3e Matter and Energy Describe factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions (including concentration, pressure, temperature, and the presence of molecules that encourage interaction with other molecules). 351 catalysts and inhibitors 351 reaction rate 530 why water is a nearly solvent 534 solvent affects solubility 538 factors such as particle size that influence rate of dissolving 538 various factors influence solubility including temperature 539 factors influence solubility including solvent 539 factors that affect solubility including the solute 541 solubility curve 542 factors that affect solubility 543 factors that affect solubility solute 543 various factors affect solubility including pressure 543 various factors affect solubility temperature 545 factors that affect solubility temperature 135 how various factors influence solubility including temperature 136 solubility and temperature 137 solubility curve Page 33 of 45

34 S.D3f Matter and Energy Apply an understanding of the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction to predictions about the rate of chemical reactions. 351 catalysts and inhibitors 351 reaction rate 538 factors such as particle size that influence rate of dissolving 542 describe the dissolving process at the molecular level 135 describe the dissolving process at the molecular level S.D3g Matter and Energy Describe nuclear reactions, including fusion and fission, and the energy they release. 354 nuclear reactions 356 fusion and fission 699 types of nuclear reactions fusion 700 nuclear fusion 703 nuclear fusion Page 34 of 45

35 S.D3h Matter and Energy Describe radioactive decay and half-life. 355 know types of radioactive decay 356 fusion and fission 357 radioisotopes in science and medicine 699 types of nuclear reactions fusion 700 nuclear fusion 703 nuclear fusion S.D3i Matter and Energy Explain the relationship between kinetic and potential energy and apply the knowledge to solve problems. 160 calculating potential energy 160 potential energy explained 161 calculating kinetic energy 161 kinetic energy explained 164 law of conservation of energy 39 investigate energy changes with energy car system 42 exploring energy and work in the energy car system 217 compare potential and kinetic energy of car 217 potential and kinetic energy 219 conservation of energy Page 35 of 45

36 S.D3j Matter and Energy Describe how in energy transformations the total amount of energy remains the same, but because of inefficiencies (heat, sound, and vibration) useful energy is often lost through radiation or conduction. 37 basic forms of energy heat 108 friction as a source of energy dissipation 109 friction as a source of energy dissipation 112 friction 155 understanding energy 156 forms of energy 157 describe forms of energy from origin-sun to life 157 forms of energy 166 conservation of energy in a broader context 436 understanding basic forms of energy 436 conversion of energy from one form to another 441 analyze efficiency of using other resources 39 energy in a system 224 conservation of energy Page 36 of 45

37 S.D3k Matter and Energy Apply an understanding of energy transformations to solve problems. 157 describe forms of energy from origin-sun to life 159 energy is stored work 168 efficiency explained 217 energy exchange and efficiency 218 energy conservation and efficiency Page 37 of 45

38 S.D3l Matter and Energy Describe the relationship among heat, temperature, and pressure in terms of the actions of atoms, molecules, and ions. 36 objects at different temperatures reach an intermediate temperature 184 converting between Fahrenheit and Celsius 184 measuring temperature 186 kinetic theory and temperature 188 Kelvin and Celsius scales 188 absolute zero 200 flow of thermal energy is heat 200 understanding the difference between heat and temperature 201 heat and work 201 the British thermal unit 201 calories explained 202 specific heat explained 203 specific heat 203 kinetic theory 204 the heat equation 206 thermal equilibrium 206 heat conduction 207 thermal conductivity 208 natural and forced convection 209 thermal radiation 49 concept of specific heat 50 movement of heat convection 51 convection 51 convection 61 heat transfer through radiation 61 investigations that develop idea of specific heat 135 kinetic theory 223 investigate specific heat 224 specific heat 261 relationship between temperature and volume of liquid Page 38 of 45

39 210 apply knowledge of heat transfer to different situations 227 how pressure is created on a molecular level 228 atomic level explanation of pressure 229 Bernouilli s principle and the airfoil 230 Boyle s law and the behavior of gases 239 importance of Charles s law 251 change in temperature is evidence of energy transfer 251 average kinetic energy equals temperature 256 cooling and heating processes 257 processes that cause substances to gain energy 265 pressure 268 pressure 270 concept of pressure 570 processes that cause water to gain energy Page 39 of 45

40 S.D4a Force and Motion Describe the contribution of Newton to our understanding of force and motion, and give examples of and apply Newton s three laws of motion and his theory of gravitation. 87 quantitative understanding of acceleration as a rate of change of velocity 93 Newton s second law 98 forces needed to change motion 109 changes in motion require application of force 116 change in motion require force 117 quantitative understanding of force changing motion 126 changes in motion require force 127 change in motion requires force 131 Newton s second law 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 137 Newton s third law action and reaction 138 Newton s third law qualitative 143 Newton s third law 33 second law of motion 33 qualitative understanding of F = ma 33 explore Newtons' first law of motion 34 explore the effect of inertia on a cart's motion 36 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 37 Newton s third law action and reaction 37 Newton s second law 216 Newton s third law action and reaction 216 Newton s second law Page 40 of 45

41 661 Newton s law of gravitation S.D4b Force and Motion Explain and apply the ideas of relative frame of reference. 85 calculations for speed 720 Einstein s theory of relativity Page 41 of 45

42 S.D4c Force and Motion Describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields and forces, and give examples of how this relationship is used in modern technologies. 278 Coulomb s law 284 Coulomb s law 384 charged objects and static electricity 420 concept of force fields 420 concept of magnetic field 425 what is an electromagnet? 427 increased current vs. strength of magnetic field 427 building an electromagnet 431 how an electric motor works 432 dissecting an electric motor 434 how a generator works 98 concept of electrical charge 104 investigate magnetism 105 using a compass to detect magnetic forces 106 how are electricity and magnetism related? 107 investigate relationship between magnetism and electricity using electromagnets Page 42 of 45

43 S.D4d Force and Motion Describe and apply characteristics of waves including wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. 503 P-waves can travel through solid and fluid rock media 613 frequency and amplitude and wavelength of waves 613 waves transmit energy 623 speed of sound 624 wavelength of sound 626 wavelength and frequency 634 energy and color of light 643 explain how colors of light relate to wavelength 157 wavelength and frequency and speed of waves 157 wave as oscillation in a medium 158 wavelength and frequency and speed of waves 158 wave as oscillation in a medium 180 an element s spectral lines correspond to specific wavelengths of light 205 concept of a medium in terms of supporting waves Page 43 of 45

44 S.D4e Force and Motion Describe and apply an understanding of how waves interact with other waves and with materials including reflection, refraction, and absorption. 67 reflection of sound 285 explain how we see color in terms of reflected or emitted light 616 refracted waves 616 reflected waves 618 destructive interference 632 seeing and reflected light 632 speed of light 634 white light is a mixture of colors 635 light in terms of waves and energy info flow 636 electromagnetic spectrum 636 electromagnetic spectrum 638 how the human eye sees light 639 how the human eye sees color 641 color as reflected light 643 color seen as reflected light 645 mirrors reflect light 646 absorption 646 refraction 648 angle of incidence equals angle of reflection 158 reflection 161 how the human eye sees light 165 investigate law of reflection 205 waves in different materials 207 transmission of waves in water 228 reflection of waves 269 hearing sound Page 44 of 45

45 S.D4f Force and Motion Describe kinetic energy (the energy of motion), potential energy (dependent on relative position), and energy contained by a field (including electromagnetic waves) and apply understandings to energy problems. 160 potential energy explained 160 calculating potential energy 161 kinetic energy explained 161 calculating kinetic energy 164 law of conservation of energy 634 energy and color of light 636 electromagnetic spectrum 643 explain how colors of light relate to wavelength 39 investigate energy changes with energy car system 42 exploring energy and work in the energy car system 180 an element s spectral lines correspond to specific wavelengths of light 217 potential and kinetic energy 217 compare potential and kinetic energy of car 219 conservation of energy Page 45 of 45