Correlation to Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills: Science Foundations of Physical Science, 3rd ed. Student Text and Investigation Manual

Transcription

1 112.38_1A Scientific Processes, for at least 40% of instructional time, conducts laboratory and field investigations using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. demonstrates safe practices during laboratory and field investigations Extensive lab safety guidelines, safety quiz, and safety contract are found in investigation manual on pages Lab safety symbols and instructions are found in investigation manual on the page before TOC. 44 ropes and pulley safety 174 ropes and pulley safety 224 lab safety 225 lab safety 226 goggles 226 lab safety 227 goggles and aprons 227 lab safety 228 goggles 228 lab safety 229 lab safety Page 1 of 41

2 112.38_1B Scientific Processes, for at least 40% of instructional time, conducts laboratory and field investigations using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials. 101 monitoring seal populations 179 using and conserving energy 179 energy usage and conservation 181 research your community's conservation efforts (sidebar) 173 compare student power to light bulb power 204 why might large populations of fresh-water fish sometimes die in the summertime? 186 compare renewable and nonrenewable energy sources (#2) 199 identifying energyefficient appliances (sidebar) 264 "green" buildings 376 recycle and reuse old tires 412 chemistry and global warming 425 impact of nuclear energy 426 storage of nuclear waste 430 making carbon footprint choices 441 water conservation 521 recycle your cell phone Page 2 of 41

3 112.38_2A Scientific Processes uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section; 7 bytes and SI prefixes 62 describe steps of the scientific method 68 scientific journals 69 science and technology 231 communicating results is essential to science 120 relationship between science and technology maglev trains 121 relationship between science and applied technology 381 communicating graphs 469 scientific method 582 recording sound Page 3 of 41

4 112.38_2B Scientific Processes uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. plan and implement investigative procedures including asking questions, formulating testable hypotheses, and selecting equipment and technology 58 asking scientific questions 63 formulate a testable hypothesis 65 writing lab procedures 67 phrase a formal question for this experiment 297 why is Earth s atmosphere different from other planets each investigation begins with a Key Question 18 formulate a testable hypothesis 21 make a hypothesis 25 selecting ramp and photogates 31 formulate a testable hypothesis 469 design experiment including choosing equipment 46 rigging block and tackle 97 select materials from list 97 plan procedures and select materials 129 plan three experiments to determine which variable affects the period of a pendulum 176 rigging block and tackle 230 design experiment that someone else can follow Page 4 of 41

5 112.38_2C Scientific Processes uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. collect data and make measurements with precision 4 measurement and units 5 English vs SI 5 measuring with SI units 6 understanding units for length and mass 1 selecting tools of measurement 3 precision and accuracy 8 mass measurements 9 precision 6 understanding units for length and mass 9 understanding time measurement 9 time measurements 10 measurement 10 understand length measurement 10 understand length measurements in metric units 11 length measurement 20 accuracy and precision and resolution 11 mass measurements 15 investigating reaction time 16 understand measurements of time 16 mixed units of time 28 use units of force 36 construct algebraic model from data 45 collect force data 45 measure and record the force 47 measure height difference 64 collect observational data 30 measuring mass 95 mass measurements 44 use measurements of time 79 length units 79 time units 109 understand and use units of force 116 understand units of force 110 measure current in a circuit 115 measure voltage and current in series circuits 129 make precise length measurements Page 5 of 41

6 127 understand and use units of force 164 energy and joules 175 units of work and energy 188 work and energy are measured in joules 197 units of power 253 joules and heat energy 481 measuring electric current 482 measuring voltage 513 electrical power is measured in watts 129 collect mass and amplitude data 155 making metric length measurements 174 units of force 233 measuring 233 understanding length measurements 234 measuring 235 measuring 235 length measurements 236 measuring 239 measurements 240 measurements 241 measurements 245 mass in kg and g 246 mass in kg and g Page 6 of 41

7 112.38_2D Scientific Processes uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data 43 using data tables 45 analysis of trends from data 46 make predictions 47 analyze trends from data 88 analyze trends from data 2 data table 3 how close were predictions 12 use graph to predict mass of six objects 12 data table 13 data tables 13 data table 14 make predictions based on observations 17 data tables 17 data tables 18 make predictions 19 data tables 23 use graph to make prediction 23 data table 25 predict what graph will look like 26 data tables 27 compare prediction to graph 29 analyze trends from data 29 data tables 31 data tables Page 7 of 41

8 35 analyze trends from data 35 data tables 35 data tables 45 analyze block and tackle data 51 analyze lever equilibrium data 51 analyze trends from data 53 make predictions based on data 57 sketch the shape of the graph 59 compare prediction to results 69 make predictions on observed data 69 data tables 71 predict the pressure 95 data tables 96 data tables 97 design a data table 129 analyze pendulum data 130 use data to predict best string length for a pendulum clock Page 8 of 41

9 156 analyzing measurement data 193 make predictions based on inferences from data 208 predict the effect of changing a resistor 232 data tables 236 data tables 248 data tables Page 9 of 41

10 112.38_2E Scientific Processes uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. communicate valid conclusions 45 reading graphs and tables 47 reading graphs and tables 59 construct explanations supported by direct and indirect evidence 65 lab report 65 write up results 68 scientific journals 381 communicating graphs 3 Internet search 10 how do results compare 23 explain any differences you see 36 construct reasonable explanations back by scientific evidence 38 explaining 97 present results to the class 125 constructing explanations 167 explaining 230 formal lab report 231 lab reports 231 communicating results is essential to science 231 writing up results 232 writing up results 232 lab report 248 lab report 249 reading graphs 249 making graphs Page 10 of 41

11 112.38_3A Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning and problem solving to make informed decisions. in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing 43 making graphical model from data 44 creating graphical model from data 46 constructing graph from data 47 constructing a graph 59 construct explanations supported by direct and indirect evidence 64 analyze hypothesis based on data 87 graphs 88 making and evaluating graphs 114 using algebraic formulas 128 using algebraic model 145 using algebraic models 170 kinetic energy formula 192 kinetic energy formula 197 the power equation 256 the heat equation 271 density formula 304 pressure and temperature relationship 488 equation for Ohm s law 3 how close were predictions 7 unit canceling 10 how do results compare 11 graph mass vs. volume 19 analyze scientific hypothesis based on scientific evidence 19 interpreting observations 23 create a graph 23 explain any differences you see 25 predict what graph will look like 27 compare prediction to graph 29 make graph from data 32 analyze hypothesis based on comparison with evidence 35 interpret observations 35 graphical models 36 construct reasonable explanations back by scientific evidence 36 analyze hypothesis based on data Page 11 of 41

12 559 harmonic motion graphs 564 calculating wave speeds 42 derive a formula 42 create a graph 45 create a mathematical model 51 find math rule for lever equilibrium 59 compare prediction to results 71 derive Boyles law 71 graph pressure vs volume 71 does the graph support hypothesis 73 graph pressure vs temperature 87 build models of Na and Cl and use them to explain bonding 96 interpret observations 97 do the data support the hypothesis 99 study the graph 104 create a solubility curve 125 constructing explanations 129 evaluate statistical significance Page 12 of 41

13 133 give an equation that describes your observations 157 using geometry to answer a question 159 looking for significant differences in data sets 163 create a graph of your data 168 interpret observations 170 useful algebraic relationships for data interpretation 204 make a graph of mass vs. time 204 make a graph of mass vs. temperature 248 lab notebook 249 making graphs _3B Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning and problem solving to make informed decisions. communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials 53 researching ocean currents 56 cite your references 68 scientific journals 3 Internet search 192 Internet research Page 13 of 41

14 112.38_3C Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning and problem solving to make informed decisions. draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services 312 analyzing nutrition labels 387 read food label and look for ingredients (sidebar) 493 reading an extension cord label 514 electrical appliances and power-rating label 130 analyze watch manufacturer s claims 515 analyze label on back of television ("your turn" part b.) _3D Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning and problem solving to make informed decisions. evaluate the impact of research on scientific thought, society, and the environment 48 creativity and problem solving 50 design problems and creativity 62 evaluate how research shapes scientific knowledge 120 economic value of applied technology 182 creativity and collaboration 335 history of periodic table development 401 research environmental impact of fuel cells 462 acid rain Page 14 of 41

15 112.38_3E Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning and problem solving to make informed decisions. describe connections between physics and chemistry, and future careers 69 scientists and engineers 156 forensic engineer 182 researcher 221 physicists and engineers 434 research the field of health physics (#5) 626 astrophysicist _3F Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning and problem solving to make informed decisions. research and describe the history of physics, chemistry, and contributions of scientists. 228 Robert Brown and Brownian motion 315 history of chemistry 315 history of atomic theory 323 atomic theory of matter development 324 contributions of Heisenberg 388 history of law of conservation of mass Page 15 of 41

16 112.38_4A Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. describe and calculate an object s motion in terms of position, displacement, speed and acceleration 78 concept of speed 79 calculating speed 79 average vs instantaneous speed 81 compare and contrast speed and velocity 81 speed 20 finding speed 22 find speed of car 27 calculate car s acceleration 31 compare speeds of cars 33 positive and negative acceleration 82 compare and contrast speed and velocity 87 calculating speed 89 position vs. time graphs 89 calculating speed 91 compare and contrast speed and velocity 91 calculations for speed 33 calculate speed of car 36 quantitative understanding of force as a rate of change of velocity 36 calculate acceleration 36 conceptual idea of acceleration as change in speed 92 conceptual understanding of acceleration as describing change in speed 93 quantitative understanding of acceleration as a rate of change of velocity 39 find speed of car 163 calculate speed of car 165 calculate acceleration of falling object 99 quantitative understanding of acceleration as change in speed 143 concept of acceleration Page 16 of 41

17 143 acceleration is a rate of change of speed 147 conceptual understanding of acceleration as change in speed _4B Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. measure and graph distance and speed as a function of time using moving toys 87 position vs. time graph explained 89 slope on a position vs. time graph 90 speed vs. time graph 26 position vs time graph 27 speed vs time graph 162 speed vs. time graph and two-part motion 91 speed vs. time graph 95 speed vs. time graph Page 17 of 41

18 112.38_4C Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. investigate how an object s motion changes only when a net force is applied, including activities and equipment such as toy cars, vehicle restraints, sports activities and classroom objects 59 difference between weight and mass 78 photogates 82 timers 99 Newton s second law 108 understand force as an action with potential to change motion 108 forces needed to change motion 109 use of force in units of newtons and pounds 113 use of newtons 116 force in newtons 119 changes in motion require application of force 126 change in motion require force 127 quantitative understanding of force changing motion 138 conceptual understanding of a force as the action with the potential to change motion 15 timers 16 timers and photogates 19 photogates and timers 28 forces as ability to change motion 30 timers and photogates 31 photogates 34 investigate the 2nd law of motion 34 second law of motion 34 qualitative understanding of F = ma 36 how does Newton's 1st law apply to the car's motion? 37 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 38 Newton s second law 168 apply the 2nd law of motion to data interpretation 168 Newton s second law 138 changes in motion require force Page 18 of 41

19 139 change in motion requires force 141 force is an action with potential to change motion 143 Newton s second law 144 Newton s second law qualitative 144 Newton s second law qualitative 144 Newton s second law qualitative 152 Newton s second law qualitative 168 understanding of force as the ability to change motion Page 19 of 41

20 112.38_4D Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. assess the relationship between force, mass and acceleration, noting the relationship is independent of the nature of the force, using equipment such as dynamic carts, moving toys, vehicles and falling objects 96 effect of gravity on motion 98 projectile explained 99 Newton s second law 113 effect of gravity on objects 125 balanced and unbalanced forces 126 effects of gravity 127 use of balanced or unbalanced forces 129 unbalanced forces cause motion 143 Newton s second law 34 investigate the 2nd law of motion 34 second law of motion 34 qualitative understanding of F = ma 37 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 38 Newton s second law 164 investigate the effect of gravity on falling objects 168 apply the 2nd law of motion to data interpretation 144 Newton s second law qualitative 168 Newton s second law 144 Newton s second law qualitative 144 Newton s second law qualitative 148 understand and use concept of balanced and unbalanced forces to create motion 149 balanced and unbalanced forces 152 Newton s second law qualitative 190 work and gravity Page 20 of 41

21 112.38_4E Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. apply concept of conservation of momentum using action and reaction forces such as students on skateboards 149 Newton s third law action and reaction 150 Newton s third law qualitative 152 law of conservation of momentum 153 understanding the law of conservation of momentum 38 Newton s third law action and reaction 168 apply the 3rd law of motion to data interpretation 168 Newton s third law action and reaction 155 Newton s third law _4F Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. describe the gravitational attraction between objects of different masses at different distances including satellites 111 Earth's gravitational field 113 difference between weight and mass 113 gravitational force depends on mass 28 weight and gravity 29 strength of gravity on Earth 67 mass vs weight 139 difference between weight and mass 169 gravitational potential energy 284 qualitative understanding of the differences between weight and mass 285 qualitative understanding of mass and weight are different 296 Earth's mass and gravitational pull Page 21 of 41

22 112.38_4G Physics knows of force and motion evident in everyday life. examine electrical force as a universal force between any two charged objects; and compare the relative strength of the electrical force and gravitational force. 472 understanding electric charge 473 what causes shocks 473 charged objects and static electricity 108 concept of electrical charge 205 investigate electric charge 206 make an electroscope _5A Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. recognize and demonstrate that objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy such as vibration of atoms, water flowing down a stream moving pebbles, and bowling balls knocking down pins 169 calculating potential energy 170 calculating kinetic energy 192 calculating kinetic energy 236 kinetic theory and temperature 255 kinetic theory 170 find kinetic energy of car _5B Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. demonstrate common forms of potential energy including gravitational, elastic and chemical, such as a ball on an inclined plane, springs and batteries 61 basic forms of energy heat 164 understanding energy 165 forms of energy 166 forms of energy 169 calculating potential energy 170 find kinetic energy of car 170 calculating kinetic energy 192 calculating kinetic energy Page 22 of 41

23 112.38_5C Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. demonstrate that moving electric charges produce magnetic forces and moving magnets produce electric forces 528 what is a magnet 529 using magnetic forces 530 concept of magnetic field 541 how an electric motor works 542 dissecting an electric motor 108 concept of electric current 211 investigate and understand how an electric motor works 211 explore electromagnetic induction 543 electromagnetic induction explained 544 how a generator works 609 relationship between electricity and magnetism in the formation of electromagnetic waves 610 relationship between electricity and magnetism in making electromagnetic waves Page 23 of 41

24 112.38_5D Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. investigate the law of conservation of energy 118 friction as a source of energy dissipation 119 friction as a source of energy dissipation 122 friction 169 potential energy explained 170 kinetic energy explained 40 energy in a system 41 potential and kinetic energy 42 conservation of energy 63 conservation of energy 174 where does spent energy go? 174 energy transformations and conservation 177 law of conservation of energy 178 using energy conservation to solve problems 181 conservation of energy in a broader context _5E Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. investigate and demonstrate the movement of thermal energy through solids, liquids, and gases by convection, conduction and radiation, such as in weather, living and mechanical systems 258 heat conduction 260 natural and forced convection 261 thermal radiation 262 apply knowledge of heat transfer to different situations 59 investigate convection and conduction 62 investigate heat transfer through conduction and convection Page 24 of 41

25 112.38_5F Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. evaluate the transfer of electrical energy in series and parallel circuits, and conductive materials 477 examples of electric circuits in nature 477 electric circuits 479 battery circuits 500 series circuits 507 parallel circuits 511 parallel circuits in homes 108 construct simple circuits 109 electrical conductivity of various materials 109 series circuit 109 simple circuits 118 build a parallel circuit Page 25 of 41

26 112.38_5G Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. explore the characteristics and behaviors of energy transferred by waves including acoustic, seismic, light and waves on water as they superpose on one another, bend around corners, reflect, absorb, and change direction 450 factors that affect solubility 560 resonance explained 562 waves transmit energy 563 frequency and amplitude and wavelength of waves 568 reflected waves 568 refracted waves 569 longitudinal waves 569 transverse waves 579 acoustics 581 wavelength and frequency 581 sound as a wave 582 how sound is recorded 584 sound as a wave 584 sound waves and different media 586 wavelength of sound 587 standing waves and resonance 588 acoustics of concert halls 619 mirrors reflect light 620 refraction 620 ray diagrams 620 wave interactions like reflection 132 investigating resonance 133 waves carry energy from one place to another 133 natural frequency and resonance of standing waves on a string 137 investigating sound resonance 147 investigate law of reflection 149 study reflection in a prism 149 study refraction in a prism 213 wavelength and frequency and speed of waves 213 wave as oscillation in a medium 214 reflection 214 wavelength and frequency and speed of waves 214 wave as oscillation in a medium 215 categorize waves by how they move 217 testing the upper frequency limit of the ear Page 26 of 41

27 620 absorption 621 reflection of light 621 refraction of light 622 reflection explained 623 index of refraction 218 investigate comparative frequency data 220 find the magnification of a lens _5H Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. analyze energy conversions such as those from radiant, nuclear, and geothermal sources, fossil fuels such as coal, gas, oil, and the movement of water or wind 61 basic forms of energy heat 164 understanding energy 165 forms of energy 166 forms of energy 169 potential energy explained 170 kinetic energy explained 40 energy in a system 41 potential and kinetic energy 42 conservation of energy 63 conservation of energy 174 energy transformations and conservation 177 law of conservation of energy 178 using energy conservation to solve problems 181 conservation of energy in a broader context 425 impact of nuclear energy Page 27 of 41

28 112.38_5I Physics recognizes multiple forms of energy and knows the impact of energy transfer and energy conservation in everyday life. critique the advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources and their impact on society and the environment. 264 buildings and efficiency 297 fossil fuel formation 398 chemcial reactions and acid rain 401 is hydrogen fuel a viable alternative? 404 fuel cell technology 412 fossil fuels and climate change 425 nuclear vs. fossil fuels 425 using nuclear reactions for energy needs 425 impact of nuclear energy Page 28 of 41

29 112.38_6A knows that relationships exist between the structure and properties of matter. examine differences in physical properties of solids, liquids and gases as explained by the arrangement and motion of atoms, ions or molecules of the substances and the strength of the forces of attraction between those particles 126 relationship between real materials and of atoms 240 phases of matter 242 phase changes 277 explain matter states based on arrangement of atoms 341 relationship between materials and idea of atoms and molecules 64 compare solids and liquids 71 investigate properties of gases 73 investigate properties of gases 344 relationship between real materials and arrangement of atoms 345 relationship between real materials and arrangements of atoms Page 29 of 41

30 112.38_6B knows that relationships exist between the structure and properties of matter. relate chemical properties of substances to the arrangement of their atoms or molecules 322 identify chemicals by using spectral lines 327 identify elements by spectral analysis 334 difference between chemical and physical changes 335 common chemical properties in relation to the periodic table 338 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 86 investigating wholenumber ratios of elements that make up a compound 86 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule 87 ratios of elements that make up simple compounds 89 why do elements combine in certain ratios? 190 investigate reactivity of metals 339 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 191 investigate the reactivity of metals 342 properties in relation to periodic table 343 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 347 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 355 understand that elements combine in constant proportions to form compounds Page 30 of 41

31 355 difference between ionic and covalent bonds 356 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 357 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 358 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 362 periodic table and oxidation numbers Page 31 of 41

32 112.38_6C knows that relationships exist between the structure and properties of matter. analyze physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds such as, color, density, viscosity, buoyancy, boiling point, freezing point, conductivity, and reactivity 33 compare objects based on volume 33 investigate density of fluid 36 compare objects using mass and density 37 compare objects based on density 136 compare densities 242 boiling and melting points 243 table of melting and boiling points 259 thermal conductivity 270 chemical properties of matter 271 density is a physical property of matter 271 why density varies 276 density of fluids 285 investigate buoyancy 286 investigate properties including buoyancy 286 compare objects using density 11 density of objects 12 finding the density 13 density 14 investigating density 14 compare mass and volume and density 56 investigate melting and freezing points 68 apparent density 179 thermal conductivity and insulators 182 density and clay boats 184 changing the density of a fluid 239 volume 241 volume 242 volume 243 volume 244 mass 245 mass 246 mass 287 compare objects based on density Page 32 of 41

33 288 compare objects based on density 289 investigate buoyancy 289 compare objects based on density 340 physical and chemical properties 342 melting and boiling points of different materials 346 define and identify melting and boiling points 347 melting and boiling points 347 classify by chemical and physical properties 419 catalysts and inhibitors 419 kinetic molecular theory and reaction rates 420 reaction rate and chemical equilibrium Page 33 of 41

34 112.38_6D knows that relationships exist between the structure and properties of matter. relate the physical and chemical behavior of an element including bonding and classification to its placement on the Periodic Table 334 simple chemical changes rusting 335 common chemical properties in relation to the periodic table 338 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 86 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule 191 investigate the reactivity of metals 339 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 342 properties in relation to periodic table 343 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 347 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 356 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 357 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 358 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table Page 34 of 41

35 362 periodic table and oxidation numbers 394 heartburn reaction Page 35 of 41

36 112.38_6E knows that relationships exist between the structure and properties of matter. relate the structure of water to its function as a solvent and investigate the properties of solutions and factors affecting gas and solid solubility including nature of solute, temperature, pressure, ph, and concentration. 436 why water is a nearly universal solvent 436 a water molecule is v shaped 436 water structure and its function as a solvent 440 solvent affects solubility 442 understanding solutions 444 properties of solutions including roles of solvent and solute 103 role of solute and solvent 444 factors such as particle size that influence rate of dissolving 445 identify how factors influence solubility including nature of solvent 445 factors that affect solubility including the solute 451 factors that affect solubility solute 451 various factors affect solubility including pressure 453 properties of solutions solvent and solute Page 36 of 41

37 453 water as universal solvent 456 water as universal solvent _7A knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. investigate changes of state as it relates to the arrangement of particles of matter and energy transfer 242 phase changes 57 phase change graphs Page 37 of 41

38 112.38_7B knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. recognize chemical changes can occur when substances react to form different substances and that these interactions are largely determined by the valence electrons 314 atoms are made up of protons and neutrons and electrons 319 structure of an atom and three smaller particles 326 electron shells 334 simple chemical changes rusting 342 how electron interactions create bonds 354 difference between covalent and ionic bonds 354 how electrons are involved in bonds 355 how electrons are involved in bonds 355 how ions are formed 356 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 357 how electrons are involved in bonds 358 how electrons are involved in bonding 359 how electrons are involved in bonding 361 electron transfer and oxidation number 75 Bohr model 75 understand the structure of an atom based on protons and neutrons and electrons 78 understand the structure of an atom based on protons and neutrons and electrons 78 structure of an atom 85 review subatomic particles 86 modeling valence electrons 87 oxidation numbers and ions 87 modeling valence electrons and chemical bonds 89 predicting ions 89 how are elements grouped according to number of valence electrons? 89 predict chemical formulas 90 name chemical compounds 92 chemical equations 201 build atomic models Page 38 of 41

39 362 chemical bonding and the periodic table 363 explain why ions are formed 363 distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent molecules 364 apply rules for writing formulas of simple chemical compounds 368 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 369 rules for writing formulas 394 heartburn reaction 456 how ions are formed _7C knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. demonstrate that mass is conserved when substances undergo chemical change and that the number and kind of atoms are the same in the reactants and products 388 history of law of conservation of mass 391 chemical equations 391 balanced chemical equations 392 balancing chemical equations 93 practice balancing equations 95 investigate law of conservation of mass 96 investigate and recognize that the chemical reactions can be represented as systems with reactants and products 96 law of conservation of mass Page 39 of 41

40 112.38_7D knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. analyze energy changes that accompany chemical reactions such as those occurring in heat packs, cold packs, and glow sticks and classify them as exothermic or endothermic reactions 356 energy changes that accompany chemical reactions 410 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 411 analyze energy changes that accompany chemical reactions 98 exothermic and endothermic reactions 99 exothermic and endothermic reactions 411 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 413 endothermic reactions _7E knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. describe types of nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion and their roles in applications such as medicine and energy production 320 basic of radioactivity and decay 321 radioactivity 422 nuclear reactions 423 radioactivity 76 radioactivity 79 radioactivity 198 investigate coin toss and decay simulation 199 build a radioactive atom 424 fusion and fission Page 40 of 41

41 112.38_7F knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. research and describe the environmental and economic impact of the end-products of chemical reactions such as those that may result in acid rain, degradation of water and air quality, and ozone depletion. 401 research environmental impact of fuel cells 462 acid rain Page 41 of 41