Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Science: Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science, and Inquiry

Transcription

1 A1 Inquiry and Apply knowledge Compare and 36 review theories based on Grade 10 Design and contrast scientific observations understanding theories and beliefs. about the nature 36 historical context and of scientific and perspective of discoveries technological 37 review scientific knowledge. hypothesis based on comparison with evidence 38 evaluate how research shapes scientific knowledge 39 critique based on evidence 667 the history of clocks and the division of time 676 theories of origin of the moon 85 review your hypothesis Page 1 of 67

2 A2 Inquiry and Apply knowledge Know that science 24 interpretation of patterns Grade 10 Design and uses both direct and from graphs and tables understanding indirect observation about the nature means to study the 29 interpretation of patterns of scientific and world and the in data technological universe. 35 construct explanations knowledge. supported by direct and indirect evidence 82 interpretations of patterns in data 124 interpret patterns in data from tables 437 interpretation of data from graphs and charts 457 interpreting observations 6 observing 8 testing explanations against observations 8 observation 8 observing 11 interpretation of data patterns from observation 13 interpreting observations 17 interpret observations and propose explanations 22 explain any differences you see 23 test your prediction 34 interpret observations 35 construct reasonable explanations back by scientific evidence 35 construct algebraic model from data 50 observational data 50 observing 51 interpret observations 51 observations 52 contruction reasonable explanations based on direct and indirect data 62 interpret observations Page 2 of 67

3 63 observing senses are used to develop awareness 66 interpret patterns in data 78 build models of Na and Cl and use them to explain bonding 84 interpret observations 85 perform the experiment you designed 89 observing 89 explanation based on data 91 testing hypothesis 108 constructing explanations 110 interpret observations and pose explanations 112 collect quantitative data 114 interpreting observations 114 interpreting observations 114 interpretation of patterns from data 119 observing 124 interpret observations 127 interpret observations 128 collect quantitative data 130 construct reasonable explanations supported by evidence Page 3 of 67

4 132 construct explanations based on evidence 143 observing 145 interpret observations 145 observing 146 construct explanations supported by evidence 149 observation 150 observation 151 observation 155 investigate variables that affect the period of a pendulum 202 collect quantitative data 203 construct reasonable explanations based on scientific evidence 206 interpretation of data 216 interpret observations 253 interpret observations 254 collect observational data 255 interpret observations 255 collect observational data 256 collect observational data 256 collect qualitative data 257 construct explanations supported by scientific evidence Page 4 of 67

5 268 observational data 268 interpret observations 280 make explanations Page 5 of 67

6 A3 Inquiry and Apply knowledge Integrate new 35 construct explanations Grade 10 Design and information into supported by direct and understanding existing theories and indirect evidence about the nature explain implied of scientific and results. 40 analyze hypothesis based technological on data knowledge. 13 analyze scientific hypothesis based on scientific evidence 22 explain any differences you see 31 analyze hypothesis based on comparison with evidence 35 analyze hypothesis based on data 35 construct reasonable explanations back by scientific evidence 52 contruction reasonable explanations based on direct and indirect data 85 do the data support the hypothesis 89 explanation based on data 108 constructing explanations 130 construct reasonable explanations supported by evidence 132 construct explanations based on evidence 146 construct explanations supported by evidence 203 construct reasonable explanations based on scientific evidence Page 6 of 67

7 241 analyze hypothesis based on data 257 construct explanations supported by scientific evidence 280 make explanations Page 7 of 67

8 B1 Inquiry and Apply process Describe materials 6 measurement and units Grade 10 Design knowledge and using precise organize scientific quantitative and 7 English vs SI and technological qualitative skills phenomena in based on 7 measuring with SI units varied ways. observations. 13 understand length measurements in metric units 13 understand length measurement 13 measurement 14 length measurement 36 understand sensitivity of measuring tools 1 selecting tools of measurement 1 volume measurement 3 precision and accuracy 3 how close were predictions 26 compare prediction to graph 27 understand the sensitivity of a measuring tool 35 construct algebraic model from data 48 compare prediction to results 50 observational data 53 volume measurements 57 find the volume 112 collect quantitative data 112 making measurements 125 measurements 128 collect quantitative data 155 collect mass and amplitude data 155 make precise length measurements 202 collect quantitative data 225 measurements 226 length measurements Page 8 of 67

9 254 collect observational data 255 collect observational data 256 measurement 256 collect qualitative data 256 collect observational data 268 observational data 277 length measurements 278 length measurements in km and m 278 measuring 279 length measurement Page 9 of 67

10 B2 Inquiry and Apply process 28 identifying cause and Grade 10 Design knowledge and effect relationships organize scientific and technological 38 describe steps of the phenomena in scientific method varied ways. Develop appropriate scientific experiments: raising questions, formulating hypotheses, testing, controlled experiments, recognizing variables, manipulating variables, interpreting data, and producing solutions. 39 formulate a testable hypothesis 40 recognizing and controlling variables in observations and experiments 41 writing lab procedures 49 steps of scientific method 52 variables 82 identify cause and effect relationships real and hypothesized 247 why is Earth s atmosphere different from other planets 457 interpreting observations 6 identify cause and effect relationships 7 formulate hypothesis 8 testing explanations against observations 8 conducting scientific inquiry by asking questions and formulating hypotheses 8 make hypothesis 11 recognizing and controlling variables 12 formulate a testable hypothesis 13 recognizing controlling variables 13 cause and effect relationships 13 interpreting observations 15 design a procedure others can follow 17 interpret observations and propose explanations 20 make a hypothesis 23 test your prediction 24 selecting ramp and photogates 30 formulate a testable hypothesis 34 interpret observations Page 10 of 67

11 34 recognizing and controlling variables 51 interpret observations 60 conduct scientific vocabulary 62 interpret observations 78 build models of Na and Cl and use them to explain bonding 84 interpret observations 85 perform the experiment you designed 85 select materials from list 85 design experiment to find out if mass is conserved 85 plan procedures and select materials 91 scientific inquiry 91 testing hypothesis 110 collect observational data 110 formulate testable hypothesis 110 interpret observations and pose explanations 114 interpreting observations 114 interpreting observations 115 sequencing events 124 interpret observations Page 11 of 67

12 127 interpret observations 133 identify cause and effect relationships 145 interpret observations 146 identifying cause and effect relationships 155 perform self-designed experiment 155 design pendulum experiment 155 plan three experiments to determine which variable affects the period of a pendulum 155 investigate variables that affect the period of a pendulum 171 make a hypothesis 202 formulate testable hypothesis 216 interpret observations 239 formulate testable hypothesis 240 formulate testable hypothesis 241 recognize and control variables 253 interpret observations 255 interpret observations Page 12 of 67

13 263 design scientific investigations 268 interpret observations Page 13 of 67

14 B3 Inquiry and Apply process 25 making graphical model Grade 10 Design knowledge and from data organize scientific and technological 26 creating graphical model phenomena in from data varied ways. Use process skills to make inferences and predictions using collected information and to communicate, using space / time relationships, defining operationally. 28 make predictions 28 constructing graph from data 29 constructing a graph 81 graphs 82 making and evaluating graphs 104 using algebraic formulas 118 using algebraic model 133 using algebraic models 161 kinetic energy formula 170 the power equation 204 the heat equation 239 pressure and temperature relationship 395 equation for Ohm s law 610 harmonic motion graphs 614 calculating wave speeds 3 how close were predictions 11 making and evaluating a graphical model 12 make predictions 22 use graph to make prediction 22 create a graph 24 predict what graph will look like 24 predict what graph will look like 26 compare prediction to graph 28 make graph from data 34 graphical models 48 compare prediction to results 53 graph mass vs. volume 54 use graph to predict mass of six objects 56 make predictions based on observations 60 make predictions on observed data 62 constructing and evaluating graphical models from data 62 make predictions baesd on observed data Page 14 of 67

15 113 creating and evaluating graphical model from data 114 make predictions from observations 137 create a solubility curve 148 making predictions 156 use data to predict best string length for a pendulum clock 190 construct graphical model from data and evaluate 201 unit canceling 203 construct and evaluate a quantitative graphical model 206 make predictions based on data 218 derive a formula 218 create a graph 230 construct graphical model from data and evaluate 235 make predictions based on inferences from data 240 construct and evaluate graphical models 256 make predictions based on inferences 264 make predictions 268 make predictions based on inferences Page 15 of 67

16 268 make predictions from data C1 Grade 10 Inquiry and Design Apply the elements of scientific inquiry to solve problems. Generate questions about objects, organisms and/or events that can be answered through scientific investigations. 34 recognizing that scientific knowledge is a process of learning 38 recognition that science is a process 64 science is a process of investigation of learning about the natural world 8 conducting scientific inquiry by asking questions and formulating hypotheses 60 conduct scientific vocabulary 85 design experiment to find out if mass is conserved 247 why is Earth s atmosphere different from other planets 91 scientific inquiry 155 perform self-designed experiment 155 design pendulum experiment 263 design scientific investigations Page 16 of 67

17 C2 Inquiry and Apply the Evaluate the 34 recognizing that scientific Grade 10 Design elements of appropriateness of knowledge is a process of scientific inquiry to questions. learning solve problems. 38 recognition that science is a process 64 science is a process of investigation of learning about the natural world 247 why is Earth s atmosphere different from other planets 8 conducting scientific inquiry by asking questions and formulating hypotheses 60 conduct scientific vocabulary 85 design experiment to find out if mass is conserved 91 scientific inquiry 155 perform self-designed experiment 155 design pendulum experiment 263 design scientific investigations Page 17 of 67

18 C3 Inquiry and Apply the 28 identifying cause and Grade 10 Design elements of effect relationships scientific inquiry to solve problems. Design an investigation with adequate control and limited variables to investigate a question. 40 recognizing and controlling variables in observations and experiments 52 variables 82 identify cause and effect relationships real and hypothesized 457 interpreting observations 6 identify cause and effect relationships 11 recognizing and controlling variables 13 recognizing controlling variables 13 cause and effect relationships 13 interpreting observations 17 interpret observations and propose explanations 34 recognizing and controlling variables 34 interpret observations 51 interpret observations 62 interpret observations 78 build models of Na and Cl and use them to explain bonding 84 interpret observations 110 interpret observations and pose explanations 114 interpreting observations 114 interpreting observations 115 sequencing events 124 interpret observations 127 interpret observations 133 identify cause and effect relationships Page 18 of 67

19 145 interpret observations 146 identifying cause and effect relationships 155 evaluate statistical significance 216 interpret observations 241 recognize and control variables 253 interpret observations 255 interpret observations 268 interpret observations Page 19 of 67

20 C4 Inquiry and Apply the Conduct a multiple 41 writing lab procedures Grade 10 Design elements of step experiment. scientific inquiry to solve problems. 8 conducting scientific inquiry by asking questions and formulating hypotheses 15 design a procedure others can follow 24 selecting ramp and photogates 60 conduct scientific vocabulary 85 plan procedures and select materials 85 design experiment to find out if mass is conserved 85 select materials from list 91 scientific inquiry 110 collect observational data 155 design pendulum experiment 155 perform self-designed experiment 263 design scientific investigations Page 20 of 67

21 C5 Inquiry and Apply the Organize 25 using data tables Grade 10 Design elements of experimental scientific inquiry to information using a 25 making graphical model solve problems. variety of analytic from data methods. 26 creating graphical model from data 28 constructing graph from data 29 constructing a graph 81 graphs 82 making and evaluating graphs 104 using algebraic formulas 118 using algebraic model 133 using algebraic models 161 kinetic energy formula 170 the power equation 204 the heat equation 239 pressure and temperature relationship 395 equation for Ohm s law 610 harmonic motion graphs 614 calculating wave speeds 2 data table 6 data tables 6 data tables 9 data tables 10 data tables 11 making and evaluating a graphical model 11 data tables 13 data tables 14 data tables 22 data table 22 create a graph 24 predict what graph will look like 25 data tables 28 make graph from data 28 analyze trends from data 28 data tables 30 data tables 34 data tables 34 data tables 34 graphical models 44 sketch the shape of the graph 53 graph mass vs. volume 54 data table Page 21 of 67

22 55 data tables 55 data table 59 data tables 62 using data tables 62 constructing and evaluating graphical models from data 64 data tables 65 data tables 83 data tables 84 data tables 85 design a data table 91 data tables 112 data tables 113 creating and evaluating graphical model from data 119 data tables 123 data tables 128 data tables 129 data tables 133 data tables 134 data tables 137 create a solubility curve 143 data tables 146 data tables 146 data tables Page 22 of 67

23 190 construct graphical model from data and evaluate 191 data tables 201 unit canceling 203 construct and evaluate a quantitative graphical model 203 data tables 208 data tables 218 create a graph 218 derive a formula 226 data tables 230 construct graphical model from data and evaluate 240 construct and evaluate graphical models 255 data tables 279 data tables 280 data tables 284 data tables 284 data tables Page 23 of 67

24 C6 Inquiry and Apply the 35 construct explanations Grade 10 Design elements of supported by direct and scientific inquiry to indirect evidence solve problems. Judge the significance of experimental information in answering the question. 40 analyze hypothesis based on data 3 how close were predictions 4 find average time 13 analyze scientific hypothesis based on scientific evidence 13 analysis of errors 22 explain any differences you see 23 calculate percent error 26 compare prediction to graph 31 analyze hypothesis based on comparison with evidence 35 construct reasonable explanations back by scientific evidence 35 analyze hypothesis based on data 48 compare prediction to results 52 contruction reasonable explanations based on direct and indirect data 85 do the data support the hypothesis 89 explanation based on data 108 constructing explanations Page 24 of 67

25 130 construct reasonable explanations supported by evidence 132 construct explanations based on evidence 146 construct explanations supported by evidence 155 evaluate statistical significance 203 construct reasonable explanations based on scientific evidence 241 analyze hypothesis based on data 257 construct explanations supported by scientific evidence 280 make explanations Page 25 of 67

26 C7 Inquiry and Apply the Suggest additional 28 make predictions Grade 10 Design elements of steps that might be scientific inquiry to done experimentally. 41 writing lab procedures solve problems. 12 make predictions 13 analysis of errors 15 design a procedure others can follow 22 use graph to make prediction 23 calculate percent error 24 predict what graph will look like 54 use graph to predict mass of six objects 56 make predictions based on observations 60 make predictions on observed data 62 make predictions baesd on observed data 114 make predictions from observations 148 making predictions 156 use data to predict best string length for a pendulum clock 206 make predictions based on data 235 make predictions based on inferences from data 256 make predictions based on inferences 264 make predictions Page 26 of 67

27 268 make predictions from data 268 make predictions based on inferences D1 Grade 10 Inquiry and Design Identify and apply the technological design process to solve problems. Examine the problem, rank all necessary information and all questions that must be answered. 46 sample engineering problem 279 design and test model 85 plan procedures and select materials 110 collect observational data 277 design models Page 27 of 67

28 D2 Inquiry and Identify and apply Propose and analyze 35 construct explanations Grade 10 Design the technological a solution supported by direct and design process to indirect evidence solve problems. 40 analyze hypothesis based on data 8 testing explanations against observations 13 analysis of errors 13 analyze scientific hypothesis based on scientific evidence 22 explain any differences you see 23 test your prediction 23 calculate percent error 31 analyze hypothesis based on comparison with evidence 35 analyze hypothesis based on data 35 construct reasonable explanations back by scientific evidence 52 contruction reasonable explanations based on direct and indirect data 85 do the data support the hypothesis 85 perform the experiment you designed 89 explanation based on data 91 testing hypothesis 108 constructing explanations Page 28 of 67

29 130 construct reasonable explanations supported by evidence 132 construct explanations based on evidence 146 construct explanations supported by evidence 155 investigate variables that affect the period of a pendulum 203 construct reasonable explanations based on scientific evidence 241 analyze hypothesis based on data 257 construct explanations supported by scientific evidence 280 make explanations Page 29 of 67

30 D3 Inquiry and Identify and apply Implement the 279 design and test model Grade 10 Design the technological solution. design process to solve problems. 8 testing explanations against observations 23 test your prediction 24 selecting ramp and photogates 85 select materials from list 85 perform the experiment you designed 91 testing hypothesis 155 investigate variables that affect the period of a pendulum 277 design models D4 Grade 10 Inquiry and Design Identify and apply the technological design process to solve problems. Evaluate the solution, test, redesign and improve as necessary. 279 design and test model 155 evaluate statistical significance 277 design models D5 Grade 10 Inquiry and Design Identify and apply the technological design process to solve problems. Communicate the process and evaluate and present the impacts of the solution. 41 write up results 332 communicating with graphs 51 communication 119 communicating 146 make an oral presentation about results Page 30 of 67

31 A1 Physical Explain concepts Know that atoms are 178 matter is composed of Grade 10 Science, about the composed of even atoms Chemistry and structure and smaller sub-atomic Physics properties of structures whose 179 definition of atom matter. properties are 278 atoms are made up of measurable. protons and neutrons and electrons 279 protons neutrons and electrons 280 basic properties of an atom and the three subatomic particles 282 understand how atomic structure determines the identity of elements atomic number 283 structure of an atom and three smaller particles 284 three subatomic particles and their charge 289 electron shells 291 idea of atomic mass 293 explain what isotopes are 293 atomic number on the periodic table 355 explain what isotopes are 384 atoms are the source of electric charge 67 what isotopes are 67 atomic symbol and atomic number and mass number 67 Bohr model 67 understand the structure of an atom based on protons and neutrons and electrons 69 what isotopes are 69 identify symbols and atomic number and mass number 73 identify symbol and atomic number and mass number of elements 76 review subatomic particles Page 31 of 67

32 A2 Physical Explain concepts 291 recognizing groups or Grade 10 Science, about the families on the periodic Chemistry and structure and table Physics properties of matter. 291 describe periodic table Explain the repeating pattern of chemical properties by using the repeating patterns of atomic structure within the periodic table. 292 lanthanide and actinide series 292 identify metals and nonmetals on the periodic table 294 describing periodic table 294 recognizing groups and families of periodic table 294 recognizing metals and nonmetals and metalloids 294 common chemical properties of elements based on relation to periodic table 295 explain common chemical properties in relation to placement on periodic table 295 lanthanide and actinide series 296 recognizing groups and families and periodic table 296 describe periodic table 297 lanthanide and actinide series 298 properties in relation to periodic table 70 periodic table 71 build and describe periodic table 72 lanthanide and actinide series identified 74 identify metals and nonmetals and metalloids 74 recognizing groups or families 74 periodic table 75 periodic table 77 build model of Na and Cl atoms and explain why they bond to form a molecule Page 32 of 67

33 298 describe periodic table 299 chemical properties in relation to periodic table 299 groups on periodic table 303 describe characteristics based on place in periodic table 310 properties of elements in relation to the periodic table 311 explain the chemical properties of elements in relation to periodic table 312 explain chemical properties based on location in periodic table 316 periodic table and oxidation numbers A3 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Explain concepts about the structure and properties of matter. Predict the behavior of gases through the use of Boyle's, Charles' or the ideal gas law, in everyday situations. 230 Boyle s law and the behavior of gases 239 importance of Charles s law Page 33 of 67

34 A4 Physical Explain concepts Describe phases of 116 relationship between real Grade 10 Science, about the matter according to materials and concepts of Chemistry and structure and the Kinetic Molecular atoms Physics properties of Theory. matter. 186 kinetic theory and temperature 190 physical differences between phases of matter 190 phases of matter 192 phase changes 203 kinetic theory 218 physical differences between states of matter 227 explain matter states based on arrangement of atoms 251 average kinetic energy equals temperature 297 relationship between materials and idea of atoms and molecules 300 relationship between real materials and arrangement of atoms 301 relationship between real materials and arrangements of atoms 44 phase change graphs 135 kinetic theory Page 34 of 67

35 A5 Physical Explain concepts Explain the formation 298 how electron interactions Grade 10 Science, about the of compounds and create bonds Chemistry and structure and their resulting Physics properties of properties using 308 how electrons are matter. bonding theories involved in bonds (ionic and covalent). 308 difference between covalent and ionic bonds 309 how ions are formed 309 how electrons are involved in bonds 309 difference between ionic and covalent bonds 310 how electron interactions help create chemical bonds 311 how electrons are involved in bonds 312 how electrons are involved in bonding 313 how electrons are involved in bonding 315 electron transfer and oxidation number 316 chemical bonding and the periodic table 317 explain why ions are formed 317 distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent molecules 76 chemical bonds and electrons 77 modeling chemical bonds and valence electrons 78 determining oxidation numbers 80 predict chemical formulas 81 name chemical compounds Page 35 of 67

36 318 apply rules for writing formulas of simple chemical compounds 322 qualitative understanding of how electron interactions create bonds 323 rules for writing formulas 548 how ions are formed A6 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Explain concepts about the structure and properties of matter. Recognize formulas for simple inorganic compounds. 318 apply rules for writing formulas of simple chemical compounds 323 rules for writing formulas 80 predict chemical formulas 81 name chemical compounds Page 36 of 67

37 A7 Physical Explain concepts Describe various 310 energy changes that Grade 10 Science, about the types of chemical accompany chemical Chemistry and structure and reactions by applying reactions Physics properties of the laws of matter. conservation of mass 337 history of law of and energy. conservation of mass 338 balanced chemical equations 338 chemical equations 339 balancing chemical equations 343 synthesis or addition reactions 344 decomposition reactions 345 double displacement reactions 345 single displacement reactions 348 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 349 analyze energy changes that accompany chemical reactions 349 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 350 endothermic reactions 351 reaction rate 83 investigate law of conservation of mass 84 investigate and recognize that the chemical reactions can be represented as systems with reactants and products 84 law of conservation of mass 86 chemical equations 87 practice balancing equations 235 investigating chemical reaction energy and hot packs 236 investigating chemical reaction energy and cold packs 237 identifying energy in a chemical reaction Page 37 of 67

38 A8 Physical Explain concepts Apply knowledge of 180 understanding mixtures Grade 10 Science, about the mixtures to Chemistry and structure and appropriate 314 mixtures can be Physics properties of separation separated by physical matter. techniques. means A9 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Explain concepts about the structure and properties of matter. Understand that carbon can form several types of compounds. 329 how special properties of carbon make the great variety of biomolecules 234 explain how special bonding properties of carbon make possible the great variety and complexity of biomolecules 234 understand that carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen and oxygen combine to form biomolecules 234 carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen and oxygen combine to form biomolecules Page 38 of 67

39 B1 Physical Analyze energy 310 energy changes that Grade 10 Science, sources and accompany chemical Chemistry and transfers of heat. reactions Physics Determine the efficiency of chemical systems by applying mathematical formulas. 348 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 349 analyze energy changes that accompany chemical reactions 349 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 350 endothermic reactions 351 reaction rate 538 factors such as particle size that influence rate of dissolving 83 investigate law of conservation of mass 84 law of conservation of mass 235 investigating chemical reaction energy and hot packs 236 investigating chemical reaction energy and cold packs 237 identifying energy in a chemical reaction B2 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Analyze energy sources and transfers of heat. Use knowledge of chemical reactions to generate an electrical current. 348 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 349 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 235 investigating chemical reaction energy and hot packs 236 investigating chemical reaction energy and cold packs 390 how batteries work 549 determine ph ranges of solutions 237 identifying energy in a chemical reaction 258 create a ph scale 550 ph range 551 ph ranges 553 ph ranges Page 39 of 67

40 B3 Physical Analyze energy Evaluate energy 310 energy changes that Grade 10 Science, sources and changes in chemical accompany chemical Chemistry and transfers of heat. reactions. reactions Physics 348 explain how energy is manifested in chemical reactions exothermic and endothermic 349 analyze energy changes that accompany chemical reactions 349 how energy is manifested in chemical reactions 350 endothermic reactions 235 investigating chemical reaction energy and hot packs 236 investigating chemical reaction energy and cold packs 237 identifying energy in a chemical reaction B4 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Analyze energy sources and transfers of heat. Use knowledge of conservation of energy and momentum to explain common phenomena (e.g., refrigeration system, rocket propulsion). 137 Newton s third law action and reaction 138 Newton s third law qualitative 140 momentum 143 Newton s third law 160 potential energy explained 161 kinetic energy explained 164 law of conservation of energy 166 conservation of energy in a broader context 33 qualitative understanding of F = ma 37 Newton s third law action and reaction 39 energy in a system 216 Newton s third law action and reaction 217 potential and kinetic energy 219 conservation of energy 224 conservation of energy Page 40 of 67

41 B5 Physical Analyze energy Explain resistance, 385 electric current Grade 10 Science, sources and current and electromotive force (Ohm's 386 resistors Chemistry and transfers of heat. Physics Law). 389 current in simple circuits 390 understanding voltage 391 measuring current with a multimeter 393 understanding electrical resistance 394 measuring resistance 395 Ohm s law 397 resistance of common objects 401 series circuits 402 current in a series circuit 402 resistance in a series circuit 404 voltage in a series circuit 405 Ohm s law and voltage drops 407 current in a parallel circuit 407 parallel circuits 408 voltage in a parallel circuit 409 parallel circuits in homes 99 series circuit 100 explore the concept of voltage 102 apply the concept of electrical resistance 245 build a parallel circuit Page 41 of 67

42 C1 Physical Distinguish among Identify the 384 charged objects and Grade 10 Science, the principles of relationship of static electricity Chemistry and force and motion. electricity and Physics magnetism as two 419 using magnetic forces aspects of a single electromagnetic 420 concept of magnetic field force. 425 what is an electromagnet? 427 increased current vs. strength of magnetic field 427 building an electromagnet 431 how an electric motor works 432 dissecting an electric motor 433 electromagnetic induction explained 98 concept of electric current 98 concept of electrical charge 107 investigate relationship between magnetism and electricity using electromagnets C2 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Distinguish among the principles of force and motion. Identify elements of simple machines in compound machines. 149 simple machines and forces 149 ramp as a simple machine 149 levers 150 calculating mechanical advantage 150 jack as a lever 151 understanding mechanical advantage 151 types of levers 173 comparing mechanical advantages Page 42 of 67

43 C3 Physical Distinguish among Explain fluid power 235 investigate buoyancy Grade 10 Science, the principles of systems through the Chemistry and force and motion. design and 236 investigate Physics construction of properties including appropriate models. buoyancy 241 investigate buoyancy 56 investigating density 59 apparent density 114 Earth s greenhouse conditions 225 density 262 density of fluids 263 density of fluids Page 43 of 67

44 C4 Physical Distinguish among Describe sound 67 reflection of sound Grade 10 Science, the principles of effects (e.g., Doppler Chemistry and force and motion. effect, amplitude, 67 applications of acoustic Physics frequency, reflection, principles refraction, absorption, sonar, 611 resonance explained seismic). 616 refracted waves 616 reflected waves 617 longitudinal waves 617 transverse waves 618 destructive interference 622 acoustics 623 speed of sound 626 Doppler effect 646 absorption 646 refraction 725 the Doppler effect 157 demonstrate waves using slinky 158 reflection 158 demonstrate waves using slinky 159 categorize waves by how they move 159 making circular waves in a ripple tank 159 wave characteristics through water 204 principles of echolocation 205 waves in different materials 205 principles of echolocation 206 principles of echolocation 207 transmission of waves in water 207 application of echolocation 228 Doppler effect 228 reflection of waves 229 interference 229 Doppler effect Page 44 of 67

45 C5 Physical Distinguish among 285 explain how we see color Grade 10 Science, the principles of in terms of reflected or Chemistry and force and motion. emitted light Physics Describe light effects (e.g., Doppler effect, dispersion, absorption, emission spectra, polarization, interference). 627 electromagnetic waves in common technology (i.e. radar) 632 seeing and reflected light 632 speed of light 633 light is produced by atoms 634 energy and color of light 634 white light is a mixture of colors 635 what makes light 635 nature of light in terms of waves and energy info flow 636 properties of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths 636 electromagnetic spectrum 638 how the human eye sees light 639 how the human eye sees color 640 the RGB color process 641 how light helps us see 641 subtractive color process 641 color as reflected light 642 the CMYK color process 161 how the human eye sees light 162 investigate RGB and CMYK models of color 165 investigate law of reflection 167 study refraction in a prism 167 study reflection in a prism 180 an element s spectral lines correspond to specific wavelengths of light 228 use of electromagnetic waves in common technology 229 use of electromagnetic waves in common technology 269 hearing sound Page 45 of 67

46 643 explain how colors of light relate to wavelength 643 color seen as reflected light 645 mirrors reflect light 646 how light helps us see 647 refraction of light 647 reflection of light 648 angle of incidence equals angle of reflection 648 reflection explained 648 how light helps us see Page 46 of 67

47 C6 Physical Distinguish among Describe and 76 calculating speed Grade 10 Science, the principles of measure the motion Chemistry and force and motion. of sound, light and 76 concept of speed Physics other objects. 78 speed 78 compare and contrast speed and velocity 81 calculating speed 81 changes in motion can be represented graphically 83 position vs. time graphs 83 changes in motion can be shown graphically 83 calculating speed 84 speed vs. time graph 84 changes in motion can be represented graphically 85 compare and contrast speed and velocity 85 speed vs. time graph 85 calculations for speed 85 constant velocity 86 conceptual understanding of acceleration as describing change in speed 89 speed vs. time graph 90 effect of gravity on motion 92 projectile explained 19 finding speed 21 find speed of car 25 position vs time graph 26 calculate car s acceleration 26 speed vs time graph 29 investigate the effects of friction on motion of objects 30 investigate effects of friction on motion 30 compare speeds of cars 31 effects of friction 31 investigate rolling and sliding friction 32 positive and negative acceleration 32 calculate speed of car 35 quantitative understanding of force as a rate of change of velocity 35 calculate acceleration 35 conceptual idea of acceleration as change in speed 38 find speed of car 157 wavelength and frequency and speed of waves Page 47 of 67

48 93 quantitative understanding of acceleration as change in speed 103 effect of gravity on objects 107 effect of friction on motion 108 effects of friction on motion of objects 109 effects of friction on motion 110 effects of friction on motion 111 effects of friction 112 effects of friction 113 effects of friction on motion 114 compare and contrast constant and changing velocity 116 effects of gravity 119 effect of friction on motion 126 compare and contrast constant and changing velocity 131 concept of acceleration 131 acceleration is a rate of change of speed 135 conceptual understanding of acceleration as change in speed 158 wavelength and frequency and speed of waves 205 calculate speed 207 calculate speed 208 speed calculations 231 calculate speed Page 48 of 67

49 143 effect of friction on objects 606 understanding a cycle 607 frequency is the inverse of period 607 frequency explained 607 period is the time for one cycle 609 friction and damping 613 frequency and amplitude and wavelength of waves 613 waves transmit energy 624 wavelength of sound 626 wavelength and frequency 632 speed of light 635 nature of light in terms of waves and energy info flow 720 effect of gravity Page 49 of 67

50 C7 Physical Distinguish among Know Newton's laws 87 quantitative Grade 10 Science, the principles of of motion (including understanding of Chemistry and force and motion. inertia, action,and acceleration as a rate of Physics reaction) and gravity change of velocity and apply them to solve problems 90 effect of gravity on motion related to forces and mass. 92 projectile explained 93 Newton s second law 98 forces needed to change motion 98 understand force as an action with potential to change motion 103 effect of gravity on objects 107 effect of friction on motion 108 effects of friction on motion of objects 109 changes in motion require application of force 109 effects of friction on motion 110 effects of friction on motion 111 effects of friction 112 effects of friction 113 effects of friction on motion 115 balanced and unbalanced forces 116 change in motion require force 27 forces as ability to change motion 29 investigate the effects of friction on motion of objects 30 investigate effects of friction on motion 31 investigate rolling and sliding friction 31 effects of friction 33 second law of motion 33 qualitative understanding of F = ma 33 explore Newtons' first law of motion 34 explore the effect of inertia on a cart's motion 36 qualitative understanding of Newton s third law 37 Newton s third law action and reaction 37 Newton s second law 216 Newton s third law action and reaction 216 Newton s second law Page 50 of 67

51 116 effects of gravity 117 use concepts of balanced or unbalanced forces 117 quantitative understanding of force changing motion 119 unbalanced forces cause motion 119 effect of friction on motion 126 changes in motion require force 126 conceptual understanding of a force as the action with the potential to change motion 127 change in motion requires force 129 force is an action with potential to change motion 131 Newton s second law 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 132 Newton s second law qualitative 136 understand and use concept of balanced and unbalanced forces to create motion Page 51 of 67

52 137 balanced and unbalanced forces 137 Newton s third law action and reaction 138 Newton s third law qualitative 142 Newton s laws in terms of real situations sports and cars 143 Newton s third law 143 effect of friction on objects 159 understanding of force as the ability to change motion 609 friction and damping 720 effect of gravity C8 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Distinguish among the principles of force and motion. Determine the efficiency of mechanical systems by applying mathematical formulas. 160 potential energy explained 161 kinetic energy explained 164 law of conservation of energy 168 efficiency explained 217 energy exchange and efficiency 217 potential and kinetic energy 218 energy conservation and efficiency 219 conservation of energy Page 52 of 67

53 D1 Physical Explain essential Compare the basic 662 describe compare and Grade 10 Science, ideas about the structures of the explain the orbits of Chemistry and composition and universe (e.g., moons and planets Physics structure of the galaxy types, nova, universe. black holes, neutron 664 relative sizes and stars). distances within the solar system 681 orbits of other bodies in the solar system 682 other bodies in solar system 683 orbits on bodies in solar system 697 compare Sun to other stars 698 compare Sun to other stars 700 compare Sun with other stars 701 compare Sun with other stars 718 relationship of solar system to the universe 718 general characteristics of universe galaxies 719 features of universe as we currently understand it 720 characteristics of the universe 721 characteristics of the universe 278 position of Earth among planets 278 general characteristics of universe Page 53 of 67

54 724 description of galaxy as we know it 734 research and describe astronomical objects D2 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Explain essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe. Describe the structure and life cycle of star, using the Hertzsprung- Russell diagram. 695 explain how stars produce energy 695 how stars produce energy 696 brightness of a star 697 general features of the life cycle of stars 698 how stars form and how they produce energy and stars life cycle 699 how stars form and features of life cycle 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different light sources 181 analyzing light from a star 182 star life cycle and H-R diagram 183 graphing star data 184 groupings on the H-R diagram 700 formation of stars 701 life cycle of a star 703 star s life cycle 727 how stars form 728 star life cycle Page 54 of 67

55 D3 Physical Explain essential Describe the nuclear 695 explain how stars Grade 10 Science, ideas about the processes involved produce energy Chemistry and composition and in energy production Physics structure of the in a star. 695 how stars produce energy universe. 696 brightness of a star 697 general features of the life cycle of stars 698 how stars form and how they produce energy and stars life cycle 699 how stars form and features of life cycle 700 formation of stars 701 evidence that elements with atomic numbers greater than lithium have been found in stars 701 life cycle of a star 703 star s life cycle 727 how stars form 728 evidence that elements with atomic number higher than lithium were made in stars 728 star life cycle 179 using a spectrometer to identify elements 180 analyzing light from different light sources 181 analyzing light from a star 182 star life cycle and H-R diagram 183 graphing star data 184 groupings on the H-R diagram Page 55 of 67

56 D4 Physical Explain essential Explain the "redshift" and Hubble's cosmic background 726 how doppler shift and Grade 10 Science, ideas about the Chemistry and composition and use of it to determine radiation are evidence for Physics structure of the stellar distance and Big Bang universe. movement. 727 evidence for Big Bang 728 evidence for Big Bang 731 evidence for Big Bang D5 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Explain essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe. Compare absolute versus apparent star magnitude and their relation to stellar distance. 696 brightness of a star 709 calculating and using light years 711 light years and time 718 light years 277 use of light years 284 light years 284 use light years to describe distances in the universe 721 light years 724 light years D6 Grade 10 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics Explain essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe. Explain the impact of the Copernican and Newtonian thinking on man's view of the universe. 726 historical theories of universe 727 theories of universe origin Page 56 of 67

57 D7 Physical Explain essential 681 how astronomical Grade 10 Science, ideas about the instruments help us Chemistry and composition and understand the universe Physics structure of the universe. 712 history of the telescope Identify and analyze the findings of several space instruments in regard to the extent and composition ot the solar system and universe. 713 types and uses of telescopes 716 spacecraft as tools of astronomy 719 how astronomical instruments helped us learn about the universe 724 astronomical instruments 192 measuring apparent brightness to calculate the distance to stars and galaxies A1 Grade 10 Earth Sciences Relate earth features and processes that change the earth. Illustrate and explain plate tectonics as the mechanism of continental movement and sea floor changes. 67 students know that ocean floor gives evidence for plate tectonics 466 plate tectonics 489 plate boundaries 130 theory of plate tectonics 252 plate tectonics 253 plate tectonics 494 sea floor characteristics show evidence of plate tectonics Page 57 of 67

58 A2 Earth Sciences Relate earth 466 structures formed at types Grade 10 features and of plate boundaries processes that change the earth. Compare examples of change to the earth's surface over time as they related to continental movement and ocean basin formation. 466 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 490 structures formed at types of plate boundaries 490 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 494 types of formations found at different plate boundaries 518 types of plate boundaries 120 types of features found along plate boundaries 121 three types of plate boundaries and features associated with them 123 structures that form at certain plate boundaries 124 students know the structures that form at plate boundaries 124 types of features at plate boundaries 132 know what forms at different types of plate boundaries 132 students know structures that form at the three different plate boundaries 148 predict evolution of land features resulting from erosion 150 predict results of erosion 151 predict results of erosion 226 mountain building Page 58 of 67

59 A3 Earth Sciences Relate earth 56 reading and interpreting Grade 10 features and maps processes that change the earth. Interpret topographic maps to identify and describe significant geologic history/structures in Pennsylvania 57 read and interpret maps specifically latitude and longitude 58 interpret maps 61 students read and interpret maps topographic contours 62 reading topographic maps 63 students interpret topographic contours 64 topographic maps 65 reading and interpreting maps contour lines and latitude and longitude 71 latitude and longitude and contours 72 interpret topographic maps 16 topographic profiles 18 topographic profiles 132 know how to read and interpret latitude and longitude on maps 132 students know how to read maps latitude and longitude Page 59 of 67

60 A4 Earth Sciences Relate earth Evaluate and 59 use maps to identify Grade 10 features and interpret geologic major features such as processes that history using mountains and rivers change the earth. geologic maps. 508 ring of fire 512 volcanoes at divergent boundaries 515 source of silica-rich magma 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 123 explanation for placement and properties of volcanoes 133 explanation of location of volcanoes A5 Grade 10 Earth Sciences Relate earth features and processes that change the earth. Explain several methods of dating earth materials and structures. 452 fossil record helps to understand the history of Earth 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 252 general history on Earth A6 Grade 10 Earth Sciences Relate earth features and processes that change the earth. Correlate rock units with general geologic time periods in the history of the earth. 452 fossil record helps to understand the history of Earth 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 252 general history on Earth A7 Grade 10 Earth Sciences Relate earth features and processes that change the earth. Describe and identify major types of rocks and minerals. 69 types of rock and how they are formed 466 how rocks are formed 490 how rocks are formed 133 how rocks are formed 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 253 fossils Page 60 of 67

61 B1 Earth Sciences Explain sources Compare the 69 types of rock and how Grade 10 and uses of earth locations of strategic they are formed resources. minerals and earth resources in the 465 rock cycle world with their geologic time history 466 how rocks are formed using maps and 490 how rocks are formed global information systems. 582 rock cycle 598 rock cycle 116 determining the relative ages of rock formations 117 sequencing events in a geologic cross-section 133 how rocks are formed 146 types of rocks and how they are formed 248 exploring the rock cycle 249 modeling rock types to study rock cycle 250 geologic transformation scenarios B2 Grade 10 Earth Sciences Explain sources and uses of earth resources. Demonstrate the effects of sedimentation and erosion before and after a conservation plan is implemented. 466 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 490 forces like volcanoes and erosion form and shape Earth 148 predict evolution of land features resulting from erosion 150 predict results of erosion 151 predict results of erosion 226 mountain building Page 61 of 67