Correlation to Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills: Science CPO Science Physics: A First Course, 2nd Edition Student Text and Investigation Manual

Transcription

1 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _1A _1B _2A Scientific Processes Scientific Processes Scientific Processes conducts s for at least 40% of instructional time using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. conducts s for at least 40% of instructional time using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field s demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section Lab safety symbols and instructions are found in the manual on the page before TOC 90 energy usage and conservation 8 scientific method 22 scientific method in action 23 science helps us learn about natural world 102 short circuits and lab safety 106 capacitor safety 83 radioactivity and the environment 18 investigating the law of inertia 31 investigating momentum and the third law Page 1 of 44

2 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2B Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. know that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. 8 scientific method 8 formulating a hypothesis 22 scientific method in action 4 formulate a hypothesis 9 write a hypothesis 43 develop a hypothesis 139 state a hypothesis about period of pendulum 186 explain how your observations support or refute the hypothesis _2C Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. know that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. 22 discovery of Penicillin 22 Fleming s s 23 science helps us learn about natural world 18 investigating the law of inertia 31 investigating momentum and the third law 80 energy and quantum theory _2D Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories 8 formulating a hypothesis 4 formulate a hypothesis 9 write a hypothesis 43 develop a hypothesis 80 energy and quantum theory 139 state a hypothesis about period of pendulum 186 explain how your observations support or refute the hypothesis Page 2 of 44

3 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2E Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. design and implement investigative procedures including making observations, asking well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, identifying variables, selecting appropriate equipment and technology 4 what is an experiment 6 what is a variable 8 scientific method 8 formulating a hypothesis 8 hypothesis defined 8 independent variables 8 dependent variables 8 control and experimental variables 8 designing experiments 22 scientific method in action 24 importance of changing one variable at a time in an experiment 4 formulate a hypothesis 9 write a hypothesis 9 design a valid experiment by changing only one variable at a time 9 identify experimental and controlled variables 43 develop a hypothesis 64 conduct the experiment you designed 64 design an experiment 139 state a hypothesis about period of pendulum 139 investigate variables and how they affect the period of a pendulum 139 design pendulum experiments 186 explain how your observations support or refute the hypothesis Page 3 of 44

4 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2F Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures including multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), triple beam balances, batteries, clamps, dynamics demonstration equipment, collision apparatus 13 measuring time 14 time scales in physics 16 significant digits and metric ruler 27 practice measuring with a metric ruler 67 measuring weight vs. measuring mass 116 how spring scales work vs. truck scales 222 theromometer scales 301 using a multimeter to measure current 303 using a multimeter to measure resistance 1 using and understanding photogates 4 use a metric ruler 11 using a velocity sensor and data collection system 13 using a velocity sensor and data collection system 15 using photogates 21 use an electronic scale 29 create a height reference scale 36 create a vector diagram to scale 49 use a metric measuring tape 51 use a spring scale 54 use a spring scale 55 use a metric measuring tape 58 use a metric ruler 58 use a spring scale 61 using a timer and photogates 63 using a timer and photogates 74 use a temperature sensor and data collecton system Page 4 of 44

5 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 85 use a metric measuring tape 93 use a multimeter 95 use a multimeter to measure current 96 use a multimeter to measure resistance of a pot 97 use a multimeter to measure voltage drop 100 use a multimeter to measure voltage 101 use a multimeter to measure current 110 use a multimeter to measure voltage 115 use a metric ruler 125 use a multimeter to measure voltage 125 use a timer and photogate to measure speed of rotor 138 use a timer and photogate to measure the period of a pendulum 152 use a spring scale 161 use a metric ruler Page 5 of 44

6 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2G Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. uses a wide variety of additional course apparatus, equipment, techniques, materials, and procedures as appropriate such as ripple tank with wave generator, wave motion rope, micrometer, caliper 84 calculating work 169 calculating work 332 efficiency of gasoline engine 332 efficiency of electric motors 450 longitudinal waves 450 transverse waves 454 standing waves on a vibrating string 487 harmonics and instruments 502 white light is a mixture of colors 521 mirrors reflect light 523 the law of reflection 545 electromagnetic spectrum 546 wavelength and frequency of visible light computer spreadsheets and graphing software can be used throughout the curriculum for data analysis and presentation 57 calculate and compare input and output work 62 graph efficiency vs. speed 62 investigate the efficiency of the car launcher 62 investigate efficiency 66 calculate each person's work 149 study water waves 151 harmonics and standing wave patterns 166 mixing primary colors of light 169 investigate law of reflection 169 use a mirror to observe reflected light 170 use a prism to investigate light rays 170 use results to derive law of reflection 174 using a mirror to reflect light Page 6 of 44

7 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 175 use a lens to refract light 181 relating transverse waves on a spring to light waves Page 7 of 44

8 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2H Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. make measurements with accuracy and precision and record data using scientific notation and International System (SI) units 11 understand length measurement 12 systems of measurement 16 significant digits and metric ruler 55 measuring mass 56 measuring force 83 joule is a unit of energy 84 work and energy are measured in joules 171 units of power 222 theromometer scales 227 joules and heat energy 326 electrical power is measured in watts 340 understanding coulombs 2 accuracy, resolution, and precision 4 use a metric ruler 18 make mass measurements 29 create a height reference scale 36 create a vector diagram to scale 49 use a metric measuring tape 55 use a metric measuring tape 58 use a metric ruler 58 measure the force 61 make a precise time measurement 61 measure mass of car 63 measure mass of car 71 measure mass of ice and cup 85 use a metric measuring tape 112 measure mass of capacitor 115 use a metric ruler Page 8 of 44

9 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 116 estimate the precision of measurements 161 use a metric ruler _2I Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data 4 what is analysis 2 accuracy, resolution, and precision 7 find percent error 7 find percent error 49 find the average range of the launched marble 60 how close is your prediction to the actual measurement? 83 find a percentage 107 find the average of the three times Page 9 of 44

10 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2J Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. organize and evaluate data and make inferences from data including the use of tables, charts, and graphs 9 scientific evidence and data tables 19 mathematical descriptions 25 constructing a graph 26 interpreting distance/time graph 26 study the data table (#7) 28 make a data table (#6) 36 mathematical model of acceleration 38 motion graphs 40 motion graphs 51 create a data table (#1) 52 create a data table (#4) 59 Newton s second law equation 65 average speed equation 67 calculating weight 79 momentum equation 80 relating impulse and momentum conservation 84 the work equation 86 kinetic energy formula 108 using a graph to find force vector components 6 create a graph of the car's speed vs. position 12 analyze the graphical models 18 constant force data table 19 constant height data table 22 create and analzye a second law of motion graph 39 create a graph of force vs. extension for the spring 43 create a data table for all measurements 58 force vs. distance data table 59 graph work done vs. deflection of rubber band 60 graph speed vs. rubber band deflection 62 make a graph of efficiency vs. speed 83 construct a graph 105 calculate power used by the bulb 111 graph current vs. time for the capacitor Page 10 of 44

11 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 115 Hooke s law equation 141 projectile motion problems 143 calculating angular speed 144 finding the circumference of a circle 145 linear speed equation 153 equation for law of universal gravitation 111 derive a formula to calculate the charge 112 calculate the number of electrons 126 graph voltage vs. speed 139 sketch harmonic motion graphs 171 the power equation 178 calculating mechanical advantage 229 the heat equation 304 equation for Ohm s law 342 equation for Coulomb s law 431 harmonic motion graphs 432 finding the amplitude on a harmonic motion graph 452 calculating wave speeds 453 equation for the speed of a wave 547 equation for the speed of light Page 11 of 44

12 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2K Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology based reports 11 importance of units 11 communicating via measurement 28 prepare a written report (#3, 4, 8) 213 prepare a written report (#1) 241 prepare a written report (#3, 5) 272 prepare a written report (#5) 359 research and report (#3) 463 research and report (#5) 542 research and report (#6) each contains a "thinking about what you observed" section, and students must be able to communicate and defend their findings from the 64 create an energy flow diagram 76 what is the best way to present your results? 102 explain what happened 180 present what you have learned Page 12 of 44

13 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _2L Scientific Processes uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. express and manipulate relationships among physical variables quantitatively including the use of graphs, charts, and equations. 19 mathematical descriptions 25 constructing a graph 26 interpreting distance/time graph 36 mathematical model of acceleration 38 slope of a position vs. time graph 38 motion graphs 40 motion graphs 42 slope of a speed vs. time graph 59 Newton s second law equation 65 average speed equation 67 calculating weight 79 momentum equation 80 relating impulse and momentum conservation 84 the work equation 86 kinetic energy formula 108 using a graph to find force vector components 115 Hooke s law equation 141 projectile motion problems 6 create a graph of the car's speed vs. position 12 analyze the graphical models 22 find the slope of the line and determine its significance in the experiment 22 create and analzye a second law of motion graph 39 create a graph of force vs. extension for the spring 59 graph work done vs. deflection of rubber band 60 graph speed vs. rubber band deflection 62 make a graph of efficiency vs. speed 83 construct a graph 105 calculate power used by the bulb 111 graph current vs. time for the capacitor 111 derive a formula to calculate the charge 112 calculate the number of electrons Page 13 of 44

14 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 143 calculating angular speed 144 finding the circumference of a circle 126 graph voltage vs. speed 139 sketch harmonic motion graphs 145 linear speed equation 153 equation for law of universal gravitation 171 the power equation 178 calculating mechanical advantage 229 the heat equation 304 equation for Ohm s law 342 equation for Coulomb s law 431 harmonic motion graphs 432 finding the amplitude on a harmonic motion graph 452 calculating wave speeds 453 equation for the speed of a wave 547 equation for the speed of light Page 14 of 44

15 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _3A Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing 10 what is a model 196 the evidence supports the conclusion 244 draw a conclusion that supports the evidence 280 Einstein's conclusion about the flow of time 6 how does prediction compare with measurement? 7 find percent error 19 how do your observations support your answer? 30 comparing predicted velocities to measured velocities 37 how did your measured acceleration compare with the prediction? 64 construct a reasonable explanation 83 find a percentage 94 propose a relationship between power and voltage Page 15 of 44

16 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _3B Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials 22 unexpected discoveries 23 science is a creative enterprise 23 science helps us learn about natural world 47 internet keyword search: whalenet 213 research the use of solar cells 18 investigating the law of inertia 31 investigating momentum and the third law 120 use the internet to research maglev trains 180 research electromagnetic waves 333 research information about the production and sale of hybrid autos 359 research the use of capacitors (#6) 468 research the sweet spot baseball bat phenomenon 493 research what it means to have perfect pitch 535 research information on optical systems (#3) 559 research phenomenon associated with 3-D movie viewing (#1) Page 16 of 44

17 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _3C Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services; 103 analyzing a nutrition label 314 analyze an appliance label 180 analyze industrial use of a type of electromagnetic wave Page 17 of 44

18 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _3D Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society 22 discovery of Penicillin 22 Fleming s s 23 impact of medical breakthroughs 54 Newton s idea of force 244 contributions of John Dalton 244 atomic theory 245 contributions of Rutherford 245 contributions of J. J. Thomson 245 development of atom models 252 contributions of Bohr 253 Pauli s contributions 253 contributions of Schrödinger 254 contributions of Heisenberg Page 18 of 44

19 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _3E Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. research and describe the connections between physics and future careers 22 bacteriologist 96 forensic engineer 126 science, engineering, and architecture 132 civil engineer (# 3) 209 tidal power is an active area of engineering research 277 physicists have built special experiments to capture and study neutrinos 287 a challenge for physicists 332 automobile engineer and hybrid cars 559 geophysicists Page 19 of 44

20 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _3F Scientific Processes uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. express and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to make predictions and solve problems mathematically including problems requiring proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition. 19 mathematical descriptions 26 interpreting distance/time graph 36 mathematical model of acceleration 38 slope of a position vs. time graph 42 slope of a speed vs. time graph 59 Newton s second law equation 65 average speed equation 67 calculating weight 79 momentum equation 80 relating impulse and momentum conservation 22 find the slope of the line and determine its significance in the experiment 35 free body diagrams 36 resolve a force into component vectors and solve for the unknown force 36 create a vector diagram 105 calculate power used by the bulb 111 derive a formula to calculate the charge 112 calculate the number of electrons 84 the work equation 86 kinetic energy formula 108 resolving vectors 115 Hooke s law equation 141 projectile motion problems 143 calculating angular speed 144 finding the circumference of a circle 145 linear speed equation Page 20 of 44

21 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 153 equation for law of universal gravitation 171 the power equation 178 calculating mechanical advantage 229 the heat equation 304 equation for Ohm s law 342 equation for Coulomb s law 452 calculating wave speeds 453 equation for the speed of a wave 547 equation for the speed of light Page 21 of 44

22 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _4A Forces and Motion knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. generate and interpret graphs and charts describing different types of motion including the use of real-time technology such as motion detectors or photogates 13 measuring time 14 time scales in physics 27 practice measuring with a metric ruler 38 position vs. time graphs 39 position vs. time graph for accelerating motion 40 speed vs. time graph 41 speed vs. time graph for accelerating motion 43 finding distance from a speed vs. time graph 1 using and understanding photogates 11 using a velocity sensor and data collection system 13 using a velocity sensor and data collection system 14 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 15 using photogates 17 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 61 using a timer and photogates 63 using a timer and photogates 74 use a temperature sensor and data collecton system 125 use a timer and photogate to measure speed of rotor 138 use a timer and photogate to measure the period of a pendulum Page 22 of 44

23 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _4B Forces and Motion knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. describe and analyze motion in one dimension using equations with the concepts of distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration 17 speed of light 17 speed defined 18 calculating speed 18 speed units 19 velocity defined 30 position vs. distance 31 position and displacement 35 acceleration of sports cars 35 acceleration defined 37 acceleration and velocity 37 calculating acceleration 64 velocity defined 64 acceleration of falling objects 69 terminal speed 69 skydiving and terminal speed 134 understanding displacement 3 speed defined and calculated 4 measure the speed of the car 10 differentiate between position, distance, and displacement 11 compare and contrast speed and velocity 16 collect data to calculate the car's acceleration 19 why did the speed change? 26 find the speed of the car 49 find the launch speed of the marble 60 measure speed of car 61 experiment and find average speed 63 measure speed of car 136 speed vs. velocity 143 angular speed 149 acceleration and circular motion Page 23 of 44

24 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _4C Forces and Motion knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. analyze and describe accelerated motion in two dimensions using equations including projectile and circular examples 63 calculations pertaining to free fall 63 effect of gravity on motion 137 projectile explained 138 free fall component of a trajectory 142 angular speed vs. linear speed 23 investigate free fall 36 create a vector diagram 44 investigate projectile motion 154 understanding orbital motion 169 work and gravity 412 gravitational field Page 24 of 44

25 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _4D Forces and Motion knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. calculate the effect of forces on objects including the law of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and the nature of force pairs between objects 54 force defined 55 Newton s first law 55 inertia defined 56 units of force 59 quantitative understanding of second law 59 Newton s second law 60 applying Newton s second law properly 60 balanced and unbalanced forces 61 using second law formula 77 Newton s third law 78 sorting out force pairs 18 investigate mass and inertia 18 investigate Newton's first law of motion 20 second law of motion 21 investigate second law of motion 21 Newton's second law and the Atwood's machine 25 investigate Newton's 3rd law 31 investigate Newton's 3rd law of motion 34 working with force vectors 35 using Newton's second law 114 Newton s third law and springs 126 the third law and physics of walls 148 inertia and circular motion 150 inertia and centrifugal force 436 inertia and pendulums 436 Newton s second law and oscillators Page 25 of 44

26 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _4E Forces and Motion knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. develop and interpret free-body force diagrams 57 net force explained 60 balanced and unbalanced forces 61 net force and second law calculating 35 free body diagrams 113 when net force is zero _4F Forces and Motion knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. identify and describe motion relative to different frames of reference. 17 comparing speeds 17 nothing in the universe stays still 278 theory of special relativity 84 investigate frames of reference 85 demonstrate two frames of reference 86 consider that time passes at different rates in reference frames that are moving relative to each other _5A Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces 244 atomic theory 245 development of atom models 247 electromagnetic and strong force 342 electric forces are very strong 78 find mass number of specific isotope Page 26 of 44

27 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _5B _5C Electromagnetis m Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. knows the nature of forces in the physical world. describe and calculate how the magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers describe and calculate how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between them 153 Newton s law of universal gravitation explained 340 understanding electric charge 341 charged objects and static electricity 341 what causes shocks 342 understanding Coulomb s law 354 understanding lightning 108 investigate the nature of electric charge Page 27 of 44

28 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _5D Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. identify examples of electric and magnetic forces in everyday life 331 electrical safety and circuit breakers 331 electrical safety and ground fault interrupt outlets 342 electric forces are very strong 353 capacitor safety 362 what is a magnet 364 magnetic fields 365 magnetic field lines 366 electromagnets 367 building an electromagnet 115 investigate the strength of magnetic force 116 use a compass to investigate magnetic forces 117 compare electromagnet and permanent magnet 125 investigate electromagentic induction 127 investigate how generators work 131 investigate magnetic fields 133 use magnetic fields to solve a puzzle 371 compass 372 how a compass works 376 magnets and MRI scanners 385 magnetic field of a wire 391 electromagnetic induction explained 393 how a generator works 398 how transformers work Page 28 of 44

29 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _5E Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. characterize materials as conductors or insulators based on their electrical properties 306 conductors and insulators 306 semiconductors 348 electrons and insulators 348 electrons and semiconductors 92 investigate conductors and insulators 348 superconductors Page 29 of 44

30 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _5F Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. design, construct, and calculate in terms of current through, potential difference across, resistance of, and power used by electric circuit elements connected in both series and parallel combinations 294 electric current 295 examples of electric circuits in nature 295 electric circuits 296 circuit diagrams 296 resistors 297 battery circuits 297 open and closed circuits 298 current in simple circuits 299 understanding voltage 301 measuring current with a multimeter 302 understanding electrical resistance 303 measuring resistance 304 Ohm s law 305 resistance of common objects 307 resistors 316 series circuits 317 current in a series circuit 317 resistance in a series circuit 318 voltage in a series circuit 91 build circuits 91 open and closed circuits 92 measure voltage 93 measure current 93 draw and interpret circuit diagrams 94 a circuit with a dimmer switch 94 measure voltage 95 investigate Ohm's law 96 use Ohm's law 96 investigate resistance and potentiometers 97 investigating voltage drops 100 build a circuit with three bulbs and a switch 100 measure the voltage 100 investigate series circuits 101 investigate short circuits and learn how to avoid 101 current in a series circuit 101 investigate series circuits 102 understand why short circuits are dangerous Page 30 of 44

31 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition 319 Ohm s law and voltage drops 321 parallel circuits 321 current in a parallel circuit 322 voltage in a parallel circuit 324 comparing series and parallel circuits 325 parallel circuits in homes 325 understanding short circuits 327 calculating power in a circuit 329 alternating current 329 direct current 346 charge and current 349 voltage and charge 351 voltage and capacitors 102 Ohm's law and short circuits 103 compare series and parallel circuits 103 investigate parallel circuits 105 finding power used by a circuit 105 construct a simple circuit 106 explain what you observed in terms of energy and power 107 calculate energy and power 110 investigate the flow of electric charge 111 work with Ohm's law 117 find relationship between current and magnetic field _5G Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. investigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in applications such as generators, motors, and transformers 389 how an electric motor works 390 how a battery-powered electric motor works 393 how a generator works 398 how transformers work 122 build a simple electric motor 123 build an electric motor and perform experiments 127 investigate how generators work Page 31 of 44

32 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _5H Electromagnetis m knows the nature of forces in the physical world. describe evidence for and effects of the strong and weak nuclear forces in nature. 247 weak force explained 247 electromagnetic and strong force 249 radioactive decay 78 find mass number of specific isotope 82 investigate concepts of radioactivity 256 nuclear reactions explained 257 nuclear reactions and energy 259 radioactive materials 260 types of radioactivity _6A Mechanical Energy knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. investigate and calculate quantities using the workenergy theorem in various situations 84 calculating work 84 energy is stored work 84 work defined 84 calculating work done on objects 168 work results from force and distance that are in same distance 57 calculate and compare input and output work 58 investigate concept of energy as stored work 59 graph force vs. distance 66 calculate each person's work 169 calculating work 169 work done by or against gravity 176 work and simple machines 183 output work is always less than input work Page 32 of 44

33 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _6B Mechanical Energy knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. investigate examples of kinetic and potential energy and their transformations 85 calculating potential energy 85 potential energy explained 86 calculating kinetic energy 86 kinetic energy explained 87 kinetic energy and stopping distance of a car 28 predicting maximum velocity through energy conservation law 62 calculate the kinetic energy of the car 64 calculate energy 88 law of conservation of energy 89 using energy conservation to solve problems 203 energy flow diagram for mechanical systems Page 33 of 44

34 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _6C Mechanical Energy knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. calculate the mechanical energy of power, generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system 79 momentum is calculated with velocity not speed 79 calculating momentum 80 understanding impulse 94 impulse and practical problem solving 171 calculating power 31 investigate momentum 66 calculate each person's power 172 maximum power output of a person 198 power explained 199 three ways to look at power 204 power in human technology 206 power in natural systems Page 34 of 44

35 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _6D Mechanical Energy knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension 10 conservation of energy 81 law of conservation of momentum 82 using momentum conservation to solve problems 85 potential energy explained 86 kinetic energy explained 88 law of conservation of energy 89 using energy conservation to solve problems 27 conservation of energy and the pendulum 62 describe energy changes 63 trace the energy flow of the system 63 investigate energy flow in a system 64 draw an energy flow diagram 80 model how atoms exchange energy 91 draw energy flow diagram of the circuit 92 momentum and collisions 95 momentum and car safety 194 energy and systems 197 energy flow diagrams 203 energy flow diagram for mechanical systems 205 energy flow in natural systems Page 35 of 44

36 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _6E Thermodynamics knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter including kinetic or potential energy of atoms; 219 kinetic theory and temperature 220 phases of matter 220 physical differences between phases of matter 221 heat energy and molecular motion 221 phase changes 223 absolute zero 226 understanding the difference between heat and temperature 69 compare and contrast heat and temperature 72 arrangement of solid, liquid, gas particles 73 investigate heat transfer 227 the British thermal unit 227 heat and work 227 calories explained 228 specific heat explained 229 the heat equation 231 heat conduction 231 thermal equilibrium 233 natural and forced convection 234 thermal radiation 355 plasma and lightning Page 36 of 44

37 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _6F _6G Thermodynamics knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. Thermodynamics knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. contrast and give examples of different processes of thermal energy transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation analyze and explain everyday examples that illustrate the laws of thermodynamics, including the law of conservation of energy and the law of entropy. 231 heat conduction 233 natural and forced convection 234 thermal radiation 10 conservation of energy 176 work and simple machines 183 output work is always less than input work 195 energy exists in many different forms 73 investigate heat transfer 27 conservation of energy and the pendulum 61 friction and energy dissipation 64 draw an energy flow diagram 64 identify forms of energy in an experimental system 64 investigate friction as a part of energy flow 80 model how atoms exchange energy Page 37 of 44

38 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _7A Waves knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. examine and describe oscillatory motion and wave propagation in various types of media 426 understanding a cycle 426 a pendulum s cycle 427 oscillation and oscillators 428 period is the time for one cycle 428 frequency explained 429 frequency is the inverse of period 138 measure the period of a pendulum 139 understanding graphs of harmonic motion 139 investigate harmonic motion with a pendulum 144 investigate an oscillating system 430 amplitude explained 431 understanding graphs of harmonic motion 435 properties of oscillators 439 examples of simple oscillators 448 waves transmit energy 449 how to recognize waves 454 standing waves on a vibrating string 461 waves and energy 475 sound waves and different media 502 color and light 546 energy and color of light Page 38 of 44

39 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _7B Waves knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. investigate and analyze characteristics of waves including velocity, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength and calculate using the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength 437 period and natural frequency 451 frequency and amplitude and wavelength of waves 452 the speed of waves 456 how boundaries affect waves 460 natural frequency and resonance 477 wavelength of sound 150 investigate standing waves 150 investigate standing waves and frequency 151 multiply frequency and wavelength of standing wave to find the speed _7C Waves knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. compare characteristics and behaviors of transverse waves including electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum and characteristics and behaviors of longitudinal waves including sound waves 449 waves and technology 450 longitudinal waves 450 transverse waves 454 standing waves on a vibrating string 149 study water waves 181 relating transverse waves on a spring to light waves Page 39 of 44

40 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _7D Waves knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. investigate behaviors of waves including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, resonance, and the Doppler effect 252 angles of incidence and refraction 428 sound is a wave 456 refracted waves 456 reflected waves 457 diffraction explained 457 absorption explained 470 sound is a wave 473 understanding the Doppler effect 474 how sound is recorded 475 sound is a wave 503 how the human eye sees light 521 mirrors reflect light 522 reflection explained 524 understanding refraction 526 fiber optics 154 properties of sound waves 155 investigate sound wave interference 166 reasearch and explain how the eye works 169 use a mirror to observe reflected light 170 use a prism to investigate light rays 174 using a mirror to reflect light 174 investigate reflection of light 175 investigate refraction of light 175 use a lens to refract light 182 explore polarization of light 183 explore the concept of polarization of light 550 diffraction and light 551 interference of light waves 552 diffraction gratings and spectrometers 553 polarization Page 40 of 44

41 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _7E Waves knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror and refraction through a thin convex lens 252 angles of incidence and refraction 520 optical systems 521 converging and diverging lenses 521 mirrors reflect light 523 drawing a ray diagram 523 the law of reflection 524 index of refraction 524 understanding refraction 528 objects and images 529 ray diagram of an image in a mirror 530 focal point and focal length 169 construct ray diagrams 169 investigate law of reflection 169 use a mirror to observe reflected light 170 construct ray diagrams 170 use results to derive law of reflection 170 use a prism to investigate light rays 174 using a mirror to reflect light 175 investigate refraction of light 175 use a lens to refract light 531 ray diagram for a converging lens 532 the image formed by a lens 534 understanding optical systems Page 41 of 44

42 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _7F Waves knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. describe the role of wave characteristics and behaviors in medical and industrial applications. 449 waves and technology 471 the decibel scale 472 speed of sound 484 pitch and the musical scale 487 harmonics and instruments 503 how the human eye sees light 151 harmonics and standing wave patterns 166 reasearch and explain how the eye works 166 investigate the RGB model of color 168 investigate the CMYK model of color 508 the CMYK color process 509 the RGB color process 526 fiber optics 548 low-energy electromagnetic waves 549 high-energy electromagnetic waves _8A Quantum knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. describe the photoelectric effect and the dual nature of light 252 quantum theory explained 253 quantum model of the atom 505 photons 555 photon theory of light 80 relate idea that electrons exist at set energy levels to quantum theory 186 quantum theory of light Page 42 of 44

43 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _8B Quantum knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. compare and explain the emission spectra produced by various atoms 251 absorption and emission of light by atomic electrons 252 explaining spectral lines 252 the Bohr model and electron shells 556 atoms and photons 80 apsorption and emission of light by electrons 81 spectral analysis and electron energy levels 184 investigate phosphorescence 557 atoms absorb and emit light _8C Quantum knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. describe the significance of mass energy equivalence and apply it in explanations of phenomena such as nuclear stability, fission, and fusion 247 weak force explained 249 radioactive decay 256 nuclear reactions explained 257 nuclear reactions and energy 258 fusion reactions 82 investigate concepts of radioactivity 83 investigate concept of half-life 259 fission reactions 259 radioactive materials 260 types of radioactivity 262 half-life 263 the process of carbon dating 274 meaning of Einstein s formula 278 theory of special relativity Page 43 of 44

44 CPO Science : A First, 2nd Edition _8D Quantum knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. give examples of applications of atomic and nuclear phenomena such as radiation therapy, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear power and examples of applications of quantum phenomena, such as digital cameras. 252 quantum theory explained 253 quantum model of the atom 449 waves and technology 548 low-energy electromagnetic waves 549 high-energy electromagnetic waves 80 relate idea that electrons exist at set energy levels to quantum theory 186 quantum theory of light Page 44 of 44