The Living World. Topicwise Solved Previous Year Qs

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1 1 The Living World 1. Static concept of species was put forward by [1988] (a) de Candolle (b) Linnaeus (c) Theophrastus (d) Darwin Carolus Linnaeus introduced Binomial System of Nomenclature in his book Species Plantarum (1753). He said that there can be variation within species, but they do not change from one species to another. 2. The term New Systematics was introduced by [1988] (a) Bentham and Hooker (b) Linnaeus (c) Julian Huxley (d) A.P. de Candolle The term New Systematics was given by Julian Huxley (1940). Characters of plants collected through different branches of science are considered eg. ecology, physiology, biochemistry, cytology, genetics etc. 3. Classification given by Bentham and Hooker is (a) artificial (b) natural (c) phylogenetic (d) numerical George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker has given Natural system of classification. In this system of classification all the important characteristic of the organisms that provide information regarding their natural relationship are taken into consideration which helps in bringing out maximum number of similarities in a group and comparable differences with other groups of organisms. For example Mammals are characterised by the presence of mammary gland, hair, Vivipary, 4 chambered heart etc. 4. Artificial system of classification was first used by [1989] (a) Linnaeus (b) De Candolle (c) Pliny the Edler (d) Bentham and Hooker During the early period of taxonomy, only external morphology (the characters observed with naked eye) was the sole criteria to classify plants and animals. Theophrastus gave names and description of 480 plants in his book Historia plantarum, on the basis of their habit but Pliny the Edler introduced first artificial system of classification in his book Historia Naturalis. He classified both plants and animals. 5. System of classification used by Linnaeus was (a) natural system (b) artificial system (c) phylogenetic system (d) asexual system Linnaeus put forward an Artificial system of plant classification which was based on sexual characters. It is commonly also called as Sexual System of plant classification. 6. Linnaeus evolved a system of nomenclature called [1990] (a) mononomial (b) vernacular (c) binomial (d) polynomial The first scientific attempt to name the organism was Polynomial nomenclature which consists of number of words that incorporate all its important characters. E.g.: Caryophyllum was given name as Caryophyllum saxatilis folis gramineus umbellatis corymbis, which means caryophyllum growing on rocks having grass like leaves and umbellate corymb arrangement of flowers. However Polynomial system of nomenclature could not find favour by many scientists as it is difficult to remember long descriptive names. To over come this problem a system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus known

2 2 as Binomial nomenclature. The system provides organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting of two words, first generic name and second specific E.g. potato is named as Solanum tuberosum. Solanum represent genus and tuberosum species. The first name or genus is always written with capital letter and second or species name with small letter, and both are separately underlined. 7. Basic unit or smallest taxon of taxonomy/ classification is [1990] (a) species (b) kingdom (c) family (d) variety Species is the basic unit for understanding taxonomy, that occupies a key position. It is defined as a dynamic genetically distinct group of organisms, which resemble each other in all respect and freely interbreed among themselves to produce fertile offsprings. 8. A taxon is [1990, 91, 92, 96] (a) a group of related families (b) a group of related species (c) a type of living organisms (d) a taxonomic group of any ranking Taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank. 9. Employment of hereditary principles in the improvement of human race is [1990] (a) Euthenics (b) Eugenics (c) Euphenics (d) Ethnology Eugenics is the science that deals with factors (such as principles of genetics) related to improvement of human race. Improvement of race is positive eugenics and if factors impaires, then it is negative eugenics. Euthenics is the science which improves the condition of life and the environment of human well being. Ethnology is the study of different races of mankind, their distribution, relationship and activities. Euphenics is the study of body functions and treatment of heredity defect through medical means i.e. genetic engineering. 10. An important criterion for modern day classification is [1991] (a) resemblances in morphology (b) anatomical and physiological traits (c) breeding habits (d) presence or absence of notochord Modern day classification is new systematics or biosystematics which includes all the characteristic of organisms gathered from the study of different sections like Physiology, Ecology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Cytology. 11. Study of fossils is [1991] (a) palaeontology (b) herpetology (c) saurology (d) organic evolution Herpetology is the branch of Zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles. Palaentalogy is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of fossils. Serology is the branch of Zoology concerned with the study of Lizards. 12. Homeostasis is organism s [1991] (a) tendency to change with change in environment (b) tendency to resist change (c) disturbance in regulatory control (d) plants and animal extracts used in homeopathy Homoeostasis is the property of all living beings in which by a self regulatory mechanism of maintaining favourable internal condition for uninterrupted chemical reactions in the living system despite changes in the external environment. e.g. In winter the skin contracts to conserve body heat.

3 3 13. The term phylum was given by [1992] (a) Cuvier (b) Haeckel (c) Theophrastus (d) Linnaeus Cuvier, father of modern Palaeontology. He introduced the term Phylum. 14. Sequence of taxonomic categories is [1992] (a) Class Phylum Tribe Order Family Genus Species (b) Division Class Family Tribe Order Genus Species (c) Division Class Order Family Tribe Genus Species (d) Phylum Order Class Tribe Family Genus Species With the discovery of more and more organisms, sometimes, it becomes difficult to adjust an organism to the traditional categories. Therefore to make taxonomic position of a species more precise, the various obligate categories in hierarchial classification are explained below Division Class Order Family Genus Species 15. Binomial nomenclature means [1993] (a) one name given by two scientists (b) one scientific name consisting of a generic and specific epithet (c) two names, one latinised, other of a person (d) two names of same plant Binomial Nomenclature means the scientific name of any organism consist of a generic epithet and a specific epithet. Generic name starts with capital letter and specific name with small letter. Both the names are written in Italics. Or underlined in manuscripts. 16. Linnaeus is credited with [1993] (a) binomial nomenclature (b) theory of biogenesis (c) discovery of microscope (d) discovery of blood circulation Binomial Nomenclature. 17. Binomial nomenclature was introduced by (a) de Vries (b) Carlous Linnaeus (c) Huxley (d) John Ray Linnaeus. 18. Species is [1994] (a) unit of classification (b) unit in the evolutionary history of a tree (c) specific class of evolution (d) not related to evolution Species is the basic unit of classification. It is defined as a group of natural populations whose members can interbreed among themselves and are reproductively isolated from other such groups. May (1964) defined species as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. 19. Phylogenetic classification is based on (a) utilitarian system (b) habits (c) overall similarities (d) common evolutionary descent The first phylogenetic system of classification was proposed by Adolf Engler and his associate Karl Prantl in their monograph Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien. In this system of classification organisms are classified on the basis of evolutionary sequence and genetic relationship among the organisms. Hence, this system is highly dynamic not static. Fossil records play vital role in elucidation of evolutionary relationships. This system has led to new systematics. 20. Binomial nomenclature consists of two words (a) Genus and species (b) Order and family (c) Family and genus (d) Species and variety

4 4 Binomial nomenclature consists of two words Genus and species. First word denotes Genus name and second word denotes Species name. 21. Taxonomy without phylogeny is similar to bones without flesh is the statement of (a) Oswald Tippo (b) John Hutchinson (c) Takhtajan (d) Bentham and Hooker Takhtajan 22. The high boiling point of water is advantageous to living organisms because [1997] (a) the environment seldom reaches the boiling point of water (b) organisms can easily boil off enough water to keep themselves cool (c) it allows organisms to spread heat evenly throughout their bodies (d) organisms can absorb a great deal of heat before they reach the boiling point from organisms and population This is one of the reason for organisms being Homeostatic (constant body temperature). 23. In the five-kingdom system of classification, which single kingdom out of the following can include blue green algae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and methanogenic archaebacteria? [1998, 2003] (a) Fungi (b) Plantae (c) Protista (d) Monera Monera is the kingdom of all prokaryotes and includes bacteria, blue green algae (cyanobacteria) and archae-bacteria- a group of ancient bacteria kingdom. Protista includes slime unicellular and colonial eukaryotes. The important members are diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, moulds and protozoans. Fungi the kingdom of multicellular or multinucleate heterophyllous and spore producing eukaryotic organisms like Rhizopus mildews, mushroom etc. Kingdom plantae includes all coloured multicellular photosynthetic organisms (plants). 24. Species occurring in different geographical areas are called as [1998] (a) sibling (b) sympatric (c) allopatric (d) neopatric Two or more species which are reproductively isolated from each other but are morphologically quite similar are known as sibling species. Sympatric species are developed due to reproductive isolation and occur in overlapping or same area of geographical distribution. Parapatric species are developed in adjacent geographical areas meeting in very narrow regions of overlap. 25. If there was no CO2 in the earth s atmosphere the temperature of earth s surface would be [1998] (a) higher than the present form environmental issues (b) less than the present (c) the same (d) dependent on the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere from environmental issues CO 2 is green house gas which traps the solar radiation i.e. heats up the earth s atmosphere. 26. The practical purpose of classification of living organisms is to [1999] (a) explain the origin of living organisms (b) trace the evolution of living organisms (c) name the living organisms (d) facilitate identification of unknown organisms Biological classification is the scientific arrangement of organisms in a hierarchial series of groups and subgroups on the basis of similarities and differences in their traits. It helps in building evolutionary pathways and in identifying new oganisms.

5 5 27. A system of classification in which a large number of traits are considered, is [1999] (a) artificial system (b) synthetic system (c) natural system (d) phylogenetic system Artificial system of classification is based on comparison of one or a few characters. A system based upon a large no. of natural characters or traits is natural system of classification, Proposed by de Jussieu. Phylogenetic system of classification indicates the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationship of organisms. 28. The book Genera Plantarum was written by (a) Bessy (b) Hutchinson (c) Engler and Prantl (d) Bentham & Hooker Bentham & Hooker wrote the book Genera Plantarum. Bentham began with the Flora Hongkongensis in 1861, which was the first comprehensive work on any part of the little-known flora of China and Hong Kong, including Hong Kong Croton. This was followed by the Flora Australiensis, in seven volumes ( ), the first flora of any large continental area that had ever been finished. His greatest work was the Genera Plantarum, begun in 1862, and concluded in 1883 in collaboration with Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. 29. The most important feature of all living systems is to [2000] (a) utilize oxygen to generate energy (b) replicate the genetic information (c) produce gametes (d) utilize solar energy for metabolic activities Replication of the genetic information causes transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. 30. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is usually referred to damages caused by (a) Low temperature (b) High temperature (c) Encephalitis (d) Radiation RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) is a comparision of the dose of the radiation being studied with the dose of standard radiation producing the same effect. 31. Which of the following is less general in characters as compared to genus? [2001] (a) Species (b) Division (c) Class (d) Family Species is the lowest taxonomic category. Class is a category made of one or more related orders possessing similar correlated characters, Family is composed of one to many related genera. Division comprises of several related classes. 32. What is true for photolithotrops? [2001] (a) Obtain energy from radiations and hydrogen from organic compounds (b) Obtain energy from radiations and hydrogen from inorganic compounds (c) Obtain energy from organic compounds (d) Obtain energy from inorganic compounds Photolithotrophs manufacture their own organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials (H 2, O 2 ) with the help of radiation energy. 33. First life on earth was [2001] (a) Cyanobacteria (b) Chemoheterotrophs (c) Autotrophs (d) Photoautotrophs First living beings were formed in the environment of sea having abundant organic molecules. They absorbed the organic materials for the sake of nutrtion and hence were chemoheterotrophs. 34. In five kingdom system, the main basis of classification is [2002] (a) structure of nucleus

6 6 (b) mode of nutrition (c) structure of cell wall (d) asexual reproduction The five kingdom classification is a mode of classification based on the following criteria. Complexity of cell structure Complexity of body structure Modes of nutrition Ecological life styles Phylogenetic relationship 35. What is true for individuals of same species? (a) Live in same niche (b) Live in same habitat (c) Interbreeding (d) Live in different habitat Individuals of the same species can interbreed. No two individuals share the same ecological niche. 36. Organisms which obtain energy by the oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds are called [2002] (a) photoautotrophs (b) chemoautotrophs (c) saprozoic (d) coproheterotrophs The organisms obtaining energy by chemical reactions independent of light are called chemotrophs. When the reductants obtained from the environment in inorganic form then organisms are chemoautotrophs. While when its is organic then organisms are chemoheterotrophs. Photoautotroph make their food by photosynthesis using the energy of sun. Saprozoic organisms obtain food from dead and decaying matter. 37. Phenetic classification is based on [2003, 04] (a) sexual characteristics (b) the ancestral lineage of existing organisms (c) observable characteristics of existing organisms (d) dendograms based on DNA characteristics Phenetic classification is based upon observable characteristics of an organism. Phylogenetic system of classification is a system indicating the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationship of organisms. 38. Biosystematics aims at [2003] (a) identification and arrangement of organisms on the basis of their cytological characteristics (b) the classification of organisms based on broad morphological characters (c) delimiting various taxa of organisms and establishing their relationships (d) the classification of organisms based on their evolutionary history and establishing their phylogeny on the totality of various parameters from all fields of studies Biosystematics is the study of diversity of organism and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships. 39. Species are considered as [2003] (a) real units of classification devised by taxonomists (b) real basic units of classification (c) the lowest units of classification (d) artificial concept of human mind which cannot be defined in absolute terms Species is the lowest or basic taxonomic category comprising of one or more natural population of individuals that interbreed freely. 40. Plants reproducing by spores such as mosses and ferns are grouped under the general term [2003] (a) Thallophytes (b) Cryptogams (c) Bryophytes (d) Sporophytes The plants which reproduce by spores and do not produce seeds are called Cryptogams. The term Cryptogams is made of 2 Greek words ie. Kryptos (hidden) + gamos (marriage). These include

7 7 Bryophytes (mosses) and Pteridophytes (ferns). 41. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily because of their [2004] (a) power of adaptability in diverse habitat (b) property of producing large number of seeds (c) nature of self pollination (d) domestication by man Angiosperms have adapted themselves to all kinds of habitat - terrestial, aquatic, tropical, deciduous and alpine. Self pollination is seen in very few angiosperms.production of large number of seeds ensure that at least some will germinate. Not all plants have been domesticated by man. 42. Which of the following is not true for a species? [2005] (a) Members of a species can interbreed. (b) Gene flow does not occur between the populations of a species. (c) Each species is reproductively isolated from every other species. (d) Variations occur among members of a species. Gene flow is the spread of genes through populations as effected by movements of individual and their propagules, e.g. seeds spores etc. Gene flow ensures that all populations of a given species share a common gene pool. i.e. it reduces difference between populations. The interruption of gene flow between populations is a prerequisite for the formation of new species. 43. ICBN stands for [2007] (a) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (b) International congress of Biological Names (c) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature (d) Indian Congress of Biological Names. ICBN (International code of Botanical Nomenclature) - It is one of the code of nomenclature which is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature. The code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these groups were originally so treated. 44. Biological organisation starts with [2007] (a) cellular level (b) organismic level (c) atomic level (d) submicroscopic molecular level Biological organisms starts with submicroscopic moleculer level like viruses, bacteria etc. These organisms are unable to be seen by naked eyes without the help of microscope or even electron microscope. 45. Select the correct statement from the following? [2007] (a) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and gets selected by nature (b) All mammals except whales and camels have seven cervical vertebrae (c) Mutations are random and directional (d) Darwinian variations are small and direction less. To survive in a particular environment, an organism need to adapt in that environment. If the organism becomes success in adapting them that organism is selected by nature. 46. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for [2007] (a) interaction with the environment and progressive evolution (b) reproduction (c) growth and movement (d) responsiveness to touch. There are several factors and processes which differentiate living beings with nonliving beings like reproducction, respiration, growth, etc. But among them reproduction is the only difference which differentiate without any exception living being with non-living beings. 47. The haemoglobin of a human foetus [2008]

8 8 (a) has a lower affinity for oxygen than that of the adult (b) its affinity for oxygen is the same as that of an adult (c) has only 2 protein subunits instead of 4 (d) has a higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult The haemoglobin of a human foetus has a higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult. Haemoglobin is a group of globlar proteins occurring widely in animal as oxygen carriers in blood. 48. Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit? (a) Heterospory (b) Haplontic life cycle (c) Free -living gametophyte (d) Dependent sporophyte Heterospory is considered important in the development of seed habit. Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. Heterospory was evolved from isospory independently by several plant groups in the Devonian period as part of the process of evolution of the timing of sex differentiation. Heterosporic plants produce small spores called microspores which either germinate to become male gametophytes or have reduced male gametophytes packaged within them, and similarly larger spores called megaspores that germinate into female gametophytes, or which have female gametophytes packaged within them. 49. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its particular named taxonomic category? [2011] (a) Tiger - tigris, the species (b) Cuttle fish - mollusca, a class (c) Humans - primata, the family (d) Housefly - musca, an order Tiger and tigris both are from same genus with particular taxonomic category. 50. Which one of the following aspects is an exclusive characteristic of living things? [2011M] (a) Isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro (b) Increase in mass from inside only (c) Perception of events happening in the environment and their memory (d) Increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as well as internally. All living things have an ability to to their environment, that is also called stimulation. 51. Which one of the following organisms is scientifically correctly named, correctly printed according to the International Rules of Nomenclature and correctly described? [2012M] (a) Musca domestica - The common house lizard, a reptile. (b) Plasmodium falciparum A protozoan pathogen causing the most serious type of malaria. (c) Felis tigris - The Indian tiger, well protected in Gir forests. (d) E.coli - Full name Entamoeba coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine. Plasmodium falciparum A protozoan pathogen causes the most serious type of malaria that is falciparum malaria. Musca domestica House fly, an insect belongs to arthropoda phylum. Felis tigris - The Bengal tiger, well protected in Sundarbans (Tiger reserve) E.coli - Full name Escherichia coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine. 52. Which one of the following is not a correct statement? [NEET 2013] (a) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants for reference. (b) A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals (c) Key is taxonomic aid for identification of specimens. (d) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens.

9 9 Museum Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutes such as schools and colleges. Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions. Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens. Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collections, killing and pinning. Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. Museums often have collections of skeletons of animals too. 53. The common characteristics between tomato and potato will be maximum at the level of their [NEET Kar. 2013] (a) Genus (b) Family (c) Order (d) Division Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) belong to the same family Solanaceae. : 2