What makes things alive? CRITERIA FOR LIFE

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1 What makes things alive? CRITERIA FOR LIFE

2 Learning Goals I can determine if something is alive based on the criteria for life. I can describe the history of life on Earth. I can describe how organisms are classified by biologists. I can determine which kingdom an organism belongs to based on its characteristics.

3 Criteria for Life In order for something to be considered alive: It must be made of cells Must use energy Grow and develop Reproduce Adapt to its environment Maintain Homeostasis

4 Criteria for Life Made of cells Life is either multicellular or unicellular Multicellular made of many cells Unicellular made of one cell 2 types of cells prokaryotic eukaryotic

5 Criteria for Life Grow and Develop Change over time Gain size, characteristics, etc Reproduce Be able to reproduce with in its own species All life comes from other life

6 Criteria for Life Adapt to its environment Respond to environmental stimuli Both individually and evolutionarily Maintain Homeostasis Maintain an internal balance

7 Where did all of this come from? HISTORY OF LIFE

8 The Origin of Life Age of the Earth 4.5 billion years old Life has been around for billion years Many ideas Most can not be supported by scientific evidence Many are our best guess Most agree that life began when nonliving materials organized into molecular aggregates Produced abiotically Made when organic molecules began to glom together

9 Origin of Life Other ideas Spontaneous Generation Old thought that life would come from nonlife Disproven by Pastuer Biogenesis Life can only arise from other life So something must have put it here. RNA is believed to be the first genetic material

10 Evidence Fossils Preserved specimens of tissue that was once alive Usually found in sedimentary rock Shows change in organisms on Earth throughout history Organized into the geologic time scale Broken into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Based on the life that lived during that time

11 Evidence Dating of Fossils Relative dating bottom layer is older than the one above Radioactive dating Radioactive elements breakdown at a specific rate Based on the element Each element has a half-life time it takes for half of the original to break down

12 Evidence Other evidence Continental Drift Slow movement of continents throughout time explains how similar fossils can be found on continents now separated by oceans.

13 Classifying Life TAXONOMY

14 The Diversity of Life Scientists have identified and named approximately 2.5 million species!! Many believe there are as many as 20 million species alive today!!! Now add in all of the species that have become extinct over the history of earth, the numbers have now risen to over 500 million species in just the last 500 million years

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16 Why Classify? Scientists need a way to organize all of these organisms in order to distinguish one from another. A universal language needed to be developed, so scientists from around the globe could understand one another.

17 Linnaeus In 1735, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus thought there should be a way for standard way for science to name organisms. He developed a system of naming plants that is still used today (with many changes.)

18 Linnaean System The system created by Linnaeus placed organisms into a hierarchy. In this hierarchy, the farther you went up, the more general and larger the groups were. The smallest most specific group is the species. The largest, most general group is called the Kingdom.

19 Linnaean System As you travel down the hierarchy, the groups get more specific. This leads to a system called Taxonomy. Each group, taxa, has specific characteristics that separate them from the others.

20 Linnaean System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

21 Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens

22 New division A new division was recently added due to evolutionary (DNA) evidence. Domain Large category that includes several kingoms Archaea prokaryotic cells that tend to live in extreme environments Believed to be most like ancient, earliest life Bacteria newer prokaryotic organisms Eukaryota all eukaryotic organisms

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24 Binomial Nomenclature The Linnaeus system of naming required a two word, Latin name for each species. This is called Binomial Nomenclature. Each name contains the genus and the species name for that organism Ie. Homo sapiens

25 Species Species is the only taxa with real biological definition. All members of a species share a gene pool. They can interbreed and create viable offspring. (offspring that can reproduce) Every other taxa is less definite and subject to debate.

26 The Six Kingdom System Organisms on Earth have been classified into one of five kingdoms. Each kingdom has different characteristics. The Six Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Archaea Bacteria

27 Archaea The oldest (evolutionarily) of all organisms Characteristics Unicellular Prokaryotic Examples Halophiles Extremophiles methanogens

28 Bacteria Characteristics Unicellular Prokayotic (no nucleus) Examples: Bacteria Blue-Green Algae

29 Protista Characteristics Unicellular Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) Examples: Plankton Ameba Paramecium Algae

30 Fungi Characteristics Multicellular (mostly) Eukaryotic Obtains Food (heterotrophs) Cell walls made of Chitin Can not move on its own (sessile) Examples Mushrooms Yeast Molds

31 Plantae Characteristics Multicellular Eukaryotic Makes it own food (autotrophic) Cell walls made of cellulose Can not move on its own (sessile) Examples: Trees Ferns Moss

32 Animalia Characteristics: Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs No cell walls Examples Humans Sponges Insects Birds

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