Chapter 1. How Do Biologists Study Life?
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1 Chapter 1 How Do Biologists Study Life? Biology is the study of life Biologists ask questions about all aspects of living organisms Bios logos means a discourse on life in Greek Biology has many sub-disciplines from biochemistry, molecular biology to environmental study 1
2 Biology is the study of life Why study Biology? To understand the ecosystem on earth and the living organisms in this system To stop and prevent the wrong doing due to ignorance To recover the damaged environment To preserve our ecosystem To make life enjoyable Problems on Our Earth Run out of non-renewable resources (coal, oil, gas) green energy?? Lands are filled with wastes?? Renewable (replaceable) resources are damaged??? Environment changed??? Worse! 2
3 How to study Biology? Study of biology involves: Observation Asking questions Having hypothesis Accumulating facts Analyzing data problems solved? Learning about new topics Key Questions How do biologists come up with questions and then answer them? How do biologists use statistics to plan and evaluate experiments? How are all organisms alike? Why are all the members of a species alike? How do organisms become different? 3
4 Thinking About the Possibilities Analyze Barry Marshall s experiment on himself. What steps of the scientific method did he follow? Which steps were not followed? Dr. Barry Marshall demonstrated that bacterium (Helicobacter pylori) but not stomach acid causing ulcer. 4
5 Testable Hypothesis Scientific method only works on testable hypotheses Testable if experiments could disprove it, if it were incorrect If testable, hypothesis will make predictions that can be tested by experiment Theory Group of related hypotheses that have withstood rigorous experimental testing 5
6 Scientific Method The scientific method is the way scientists approach a question: Focus on a single answerable question reductionism Observation, either with our senses or instruments Create a hypothesis or model a guess of how things work that also makes predictions Test the hypothesis, are predictions right? Experiments Procedure carried out under controlled conditions Controls: a version of the experiment that is the same except for the variable being tested minus drug, for example Replicates, because each organism is unique; Then compare averages with statistics 6
7 Results Results of scientific tests may support a hypothesis, but cannot prove it Results may disprove a hypothesis May require redesign of experiment Statistics Used to evaluate results Measures probability that what we see is not a random effect Measures a sample, not an entire population 7
8 Sampling Because we cannot use an entire population, we must use a small number that represent the entire population a random sample Non-random samples may skew the results; sample size can also skew results Statistics can be used to determine if 2 populations are different, based on the variation in data standard deviation Sampling a Population 8
9 What is Life? What is Life? Life can be viewed as a flow a energy that is channeled by organisms in the organized, orderly, small, manageable steps to do the work of living. Origin of life on earth? 9
10 Themes of life What distinguishes living from nonliving? Certain characteristics define life. Living organisms possess all of these characteristics. Non-living, however, have one or a few, but not all of these characteristics. Thinking About the Possibilities What features of living things do viruses have? Are they lacking any features of living things? 10
11 Thinking About the Possibilities Which of the following is alive and why? A neutered dog or cat cannot reproduce. A gasoline-powered chain saw takes in energy, metabolizes the fuel, responds to stimuli (it will start if you pull the cord). They even change with time, their teeth getting duller and their paint chipping. Some adult insects never eat. They just lay eggs and die. Since they are not obtaining energy from their surroundings, are they alive? Characteristics of Living Organisms 11
12 Living Organisms What is life? Living things have these things in common: Are organized Are made of cells Perform chemical reactions Obtain energy Respond to environment Change over time Reproduce Have common evolutionary history Living organisms are made of cells Cell Tissue Organ Organ System The Cell Theory The cell is the basic unit of living things All cells come from preexisting cells Living things exhibit hierarchical organization from cells to ecosystems in the biosphere 12
13 Cell Types Basic building blocks of organisms 200 s of kinds of cells just in humans 2 basic types: Prokaryotic, no nuclei or other membrane organelles; bacteria Eukaryotic, have nuclei and other organelles; plants, animals, fungi, protozoans Cellular and hierarchical organization Living things, or organisms, are either multicellular (composed of many cells) or unicellular (composed of a single cell). Single-celled organisms that work together as a team as celled colonial organisms (like the Volvox). Cells in multicellular organisms are organized to form the structures and perform the functions of the organisms. 13
14 Hierarchical organization of Cell Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform the function. Organ is a structural and functional unit forned by various tissues. An organ system is a group of organs that function together to carry out the principle activities of the organism. Characteristics of Life: Transformation of energy Metabolism Requires Energy Autotrophs are producers most obtain energy from sunlight and transform it through photosynthesis Heterotrophs are consumers obtain energy by ingestion of producers or other consumers 14
15 Characteristics of Life: Interaction with one another Interactions occur at all levels of organization Interaction within organisms Cells -->Organs -->Organ Systems Organ Systems -->Organisms Interaction between organisms and environment Organisms -->Populations -->Communities - ->Ecosystems -->Biosphere Interaction with environment Population consists of the individuals of a given species that occur together at one place and at one time. Community of organisms is made up of populations of different species. Ecosystem is a community of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Biosphere: In this environment livings interact with each other and with nonliving resources in variuos ways. 15
16 Characteristics of Life: Emergent properties The whole is more than the sum of its parts > 2?? Only 1% difference between genomes of human and chimpanzee. Human Chimpanzee Reproduction All living things have biological information that directs their structure and function, and ultimately, their emergent properties. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material. Genes are DNA sequences coding for functional proteins. Genome is the sum of all the DNA 16
17 Reproduction Living things reproduce and pass biological information to their offspring Reproduction may be sexual or asexual Sexual: offspring arise from two parents Asexual: offspring arise from one parent (bacteria, certain plants, animals, protists, and fungi) Regulation Organisms must create barriers between the outside world and the organism skin, cell membrane Resist change maintain homeostasis Detecting change Counteracting change Animals regulate temperature, thirst, hunger, sperm production 17
18 Classification of Organisms Three domains: Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya, has 4 kingdoms Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista The Kingdoms of Life 18
19 Bacteria that live and grow in common environments our gut and skin, fresh and salt water, and almost every other environment on Earth Eubacteria Archaea Bacteria that live in extreme environments hot springs, salt ponds 19
20 Plantae Multicellular plants, from mosses to redwood trees Have cellulose cell walls, perform photosynthesis Animalia Multicellular animals Sponges,worms, insects, birds, fish, mammals Have no cell walls; obtain energy from other organisms 20
21 Multicellular, with cell walls containing chitin; obtain food by absorption Mushrooms, yeast Fungi Protista Single celled eukaryotes; live mostly in water Amoebas, algae, water molds, slime mold 21
22 Diversity There are about 1.4 million named species, but there may be as many as 100 million living species; this is only about 1% of the species that have ever lived most are extinct This diversity has arisen by evolution; we are all related and are descended from a common ancestor Genetics Genes determine the structures, appearance, and to some extent, the behavior of an organism Genes are inherited by offspring from their parents Genes are made of DNA; DNA is used to make proteins, the working parts of a cell 22
23 Adaptations Members of a species share adaptations structures and behaviors that make them fit for a particular environment Adaptations are inherited; those that promote survival and reproduction will be inherited more often by the next generation Diversity comes from different types of adaptations to different environments Evidence for Evolution Fossils are preserved remnants of organisms; some are very different from any organisms alive today 23
24 Natural Selection Charles Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution: Natural Selection; his reasoning came from agriculture Key Concepts Testable hypotheses both answer questions and suggest entirely new questions A good experiment includes 1 or more controls and a large enough sample to compensate for variation in the data 24
25 Key Concepts All living things reproduce, evolve, respond to their environment, and consist of a single cell or ordered arrangements of many cells All organisms on Earth have descended from a common ancestor through a process called evolution 25
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