Rapid Learning Center Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math

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1 Rapid Learning Center Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math Rapid Learning Center Presents Teach Yourself AP Biology in 24 Hours 1/37 *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not endorse, nor is affiliated in any way with the Rapid Learning courses. The Science of Biology AP Biology Rapid Learning Series Wayne Huang, PhD Andrew Graham, PhD Elizabeth James, PhD Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD Sara Olson, PhD Jessica Barnes, PhD Rapid Learning Center Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 1

2 Learning Objectives By completing this tutorial, you will learn about: What biology is. Basic theories of biology. The diversity of life. Branches of biology. Scientific methods used to study biology. 3/37 Biology Concept Map Study of Life Biology Order Functions Observations Structure Prokaryote 2 Domain Theory Eukaryote 3 Domain Theory Reproduce 4/37 Organized Homeostasis Respond to Stimuli Archaea Require Energy Grow Develop Evolutionary Adaptation Bacteria Eukaryota Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 2

3 Objectives of Biology Biology is the study of life. What are some of its objectives? Biology makes observations about organisms from tiny like bacteria to large like trees. Biology attempts to understand how organisms function on all levels of order from the molecular level to organ systems. It includes noncellular organisms like viruses, single cell organisms like bacteria and multi cellular organisms like humans. 5/37 Levels of Organization Biology Biology Studies Life Bacteria Amoeba Mushroom Plants Animals Levels of Organization. Molecular level Cell level Organism level Multi-organism level 6/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 3

4 Branches of Biology Microbiology Biology Classified by function Classified by morpholog gy Botany Plants Microbes Zoology Anatomy Animals Structure of living things Physiology Genetics How a body functions Flow of information Ecology Anthropology Human beings Marine Biology Things living in ocean 7/37 Interaction of living things and the environment Cell Biology Cells Life Sciences: Biology What are the common features of living organisms? Able to respond to stimuli. Maintenance of homeostasis, which is to have a stable internal environment. Ability to reproduce Living organisms requires organization. Living organisms grow and ddevelop. 8/37 Requirement for energy. The energy can be in different forms depending on the organism, e.g. phototroph or chemotroph. Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 4

5 Four Basic Theories What are four of the major theories that much of modern biology is based on? Cell Theory Living things are made up of cell(s). Gene Theory: Genes are coded for inheritable properties. 9/37 Theory of Evolution Survival of the fittest. Homeostasis Organisms have the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment. Cell Theory Cell Division Cell Differentiation Cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells. All cells come from preexisting cells. 10/37 The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things. Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 5

6 Gene Theory All genetic information is stored in DNA as genes. Genes are the unit of inheritance. 11/37 Traits are passed from one generation to the next in discrete units or genes. DNA may be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. Theory of Evolution Living organisms have descended with modifications from species that lived before them. Evolution VS. Creation Natural selection is the driving force for evolution. All living organisms struggle for existence. All organisms can adapt to their environment. 12/37 Better adapted individuals or species survive (survival of the fittest). Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 6

7 Homeostasis Homeostasis Ability of the living organisms to maintain a constant (balanced) internal environment. In the human body examples of homeostasis include: blood glucose level, body temperature, ph of blood, ionic strength of body fluids. Loss of homeostasis could result in illness or even death. Purpose of homeostasis is to ensure the proper functioning of the body. 13/37 The Diversity of Life Classification and nomenclature 14/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 7

8 Diversity of Life Life takes many forms. Small and big Warm and cold Moving and still Red and Green 15/37 And much more Classification Strategies Two Major Categories Prokaryote No membrane bound nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles. 16/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 8

9 Three Domains of Life So originally life forms were categorized into two types, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes based primarily on the presence or absence of membrane bound organelles within a cell. Yes! With DNA technology, a previously classified prokaryote was found to be genetically different from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This required a new category called Archaea which is thought to be the most ancient and least evolved life form. 17/37 Archaea look like bacteria but have some genes found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This lead to the formation of three domain system: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. Taxonomy: Science of Classification King Philip Come Over For Good Sports Linnaeus System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 18/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 9

10 Five Kingdoms Plantae, e.g. plants photosynthesis th multi-celled autotrophs Fungi, e.g. yeast, mushroom single-celled or multi-celled absorbing nutrition from environment eukaryotic Animalia, e.g. animals multi-celled heterotrophs capable of movement Protista: e.g., amoeba, sea weeds single-celled or multi-celled photosynthesis eukaryotic Monera: e.g., bacteria single-celled prokaryotic Photosynthesis 19/37 Classification: Example Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens Human 20/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 10

11 Nomenclature & Taxonomy Homo sapiens Binomial Nomenclature Human Genus Species Sunflower Helianthus radula Genus Species 21/37 Branches of Biology Molecular Cell Organismal Populations 22/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 11

12 Fields of Biology Branches of biology are often based on the type of organisms or groups of organisms being studied, although it may also be based on the kinds of questions being asked. Example a microbiologist will study microbes (very small forms of life). An epidemiologist may study microbes as well but ask a different question, like how a microbe spreads or causes disease. So an area or branch of biology can be defined by the kind of question asked as well as the kind of organism studied. 23/37 Molecular Level Molecular Biology Study of how bio-molecules interact with each other, particularly the molecules involved in transmission and translation of genetic information. Biochemistry Study the chemical basis of life. Genetics Study of the inheritance at various levels (molecular, cellular, individual, population, etc). 24/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 12

13 Cell Level Cell Biology Study of the cell structure, cell cycle, cell function etc. Physiology Study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Anatomy Study of the structure and organization of animals or living organisms. Histology Study of the microscopic anatomy of the cells and tissues. 25/37 Organism Level Developmental Biology The study of how an individual organism grows and develops. Botany Study of plants. Zoology Study of animals. Microbiology Study of microorganisms such as virus, bacteria and others. 26/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 13

14 Various Levels: Population Level Population Genetics Study of the distribution and changes in genes among various groups. Ecology Study of a group of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment. 27/37 Evolution Study of how organisms acquire and inherit traits from their ancestors. Science and Biology Theory Hypothesis 28/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 14

15 Scientific Processes - Map Observations Science is not a linear process rather it is loopy Questions Hypothesis Data Gathering Trend and pattern recognition Conclusion formation Communication & Validation Model Formation 29/37 Defining Theory & Law A theory attempts to explain an observed behavior. For instance, DNA transmits or carries all genetic information. Do you know what a theory is? A law describes or categorizes behavior, often mathematically. What is a law? 30/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 15

16 Comparing Theory & Law A theory explains WHY A law explains WHAT A WHY can t become a what. 31/37 Defining Prediction & Hypothesis What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a proposal to explain certain facts or observations. Yes! So a useful hypothesis enables predictions by deductive reasoning! 32/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 16

17 Prediction vs. Hypothesis A hypothesis is more than an educated guess - it is also an attempt to explain why. 33/37 Learning Summary Branches of biology are based on the organism as well as the questions being asked. Biology is the science of life. Hypothesis attempts to explain why something happens. Domains of biology: prokaryote, eukaryotes and archaea. Branches of biology include: molecular, cell, organism and population levels. 34/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 17

18 Question: Review Biology is the science of. Life The three domains of life include: prokaryote, eukaryote and. A theory attempts to explain. Branches of biology are determined by the organism and the. Archaea Why Questions being asked 35/37 The taxonomic method of naming is called? Binomial nomenclature Congratulations You have successfully completed the core tutorial The Science of Biology Rapid Learning Center 36/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 18

19 Rapid Learning Center Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math What s Next Step 1: Concepts Core Tutorial (Just Completed) Step 2: Practice Interactive Problem Drill Step 3: Recap Super Review Cheat Sheet Go for it! 37/37 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 19